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Evidence · Immigration

Immigration: questions, answers and evidence

Read all 797 original answers and the tables behind the findings. The 27 missing answers are from the China comparison on three platforms.

questions
143
captured answers
797
missing responses
27
answers collected
15–20 October 2026

01

Every question, with its answers

Each question was written as a voter would ask it and went to all four assistants. Some were also asked from a town. Open a question to read every answer to it in full.

Showing 20 of 143 questions

Show all 143

02

The tables behind the study

Every figure on the study page comes from these tables. They are CSV files, which open in any spreadsheet.

  • Complete AI answers

    answers.csv

    One complete original answer, with the question, platform, country setting and migrant profile.

    question_id, surface_code, location_ref, result_id, prompt_id, platform, scan_id, collection_panel, question_text, response_text

    797rows

    Download complete ai answers (CSV)

  • The questions we asked

    question-catalogue.csv

    One question with the migrant profile, wording and purpose.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

    143rows

    Download the questions we asked (CSV)

  • Planned questions, platforms and countries

    execution-assignments.csv

    One question, platform and country we planned to collect an answer from.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

    824rows

    Download planned questions, platforms and countries (CSV)

  • The 27 missing answers

    missing-cells.csv

    One expected answer that was not collected.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

    27rows

    Download the 27 missing answers (CSV)

  • Locations named for each migrant profile

    location-by-persona.csv

    How often a place was named in the twelve New Zealand answers for each migrant profile.

    persona, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles, wording_count, surface_count

    342rows

    Download locations named for each migrant profile (CSV)

  • Locations named across question wordings

    location-by-wording.csv

    One profile, platform and place, showing which versions of the question led to an answer naming the place.

    persona, surface, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles

    1,368rows

    Download locations named across question wordings (CSV)

  • Locations named by collection country

    location-by-region.csv

    One place and country setting; the China comparison has nine answers on Google AI Mode only.

    region, place, answers, denominator, surfaces

    304rows

    Download locations named by collection country (CSV)

  • Eight countries on Google AI Mode

    location-ai-mode-eight-regions.csv

    One place and country across the same nine questions on Google AI Mode.

    region, place, answers, denominator

    304rows

    Download eight countries on google ai mode (CSV)

  • Matched local and overseas answers

    matched-region-answer-pairs.csv

    A New Zealand answer alongside the same question and platform using another country setting.

    region, surface, persona, question_id, result_id, nz_result_id, same_place_set, jaccard, added_names, omitted_names

    261rows

    Download matched local and overseas answers (CSV)

  • Topics explicitly raised in the answers

    signals-by-output-platform.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by topic and platform.

    output, surface, signal, answers, denominator

    1,120rows

    Download topics explicitly raised in the answers (CSV)

  • Topics raised for each migrant profile

    signals-by-persona-output.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by migrant profile and topic.

    output, persona, signal, answers, denominator

    1,876rows

    Download topics raised for each migrant profile (CSV)

  • Website addresses in captured answers

    captured-answer-links.csv

    Web addresses saved in the original answers, with image and file links identified.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, url, domain, host_class, image_or_asset

    2,003rows

    Download website addresses in captured answers (CSV)

  • Extra table: links excluding images and files

    captured-links-by-platform.csv

    One platform across the same 143 New Zealand questions. The table excludes image and file links; the main Sources section counts those links.

    surface, denominator, answers_with_links, answers_with_govt_links

    4rows

    Download extra table: links excluding images and files (CSV)

  • Captured answer lengths

    platform-answer-length.csv

    One platform across the same 143 local questions.

    surface, answers, median_words, mean_words

    4rows

    Download captured answer lengths (CSV)

  • Recorded websites by answer

    sources-by-answer.csv

    Each website recorded as a source for an answer, with the page addresses and number of statements linked to the website.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, publisher, claim_count, source_urls

    1,462rows

    Download recorded websites by answer (CSV)

  • Recorded sources and their original claims

    source-claim-ledger.csv

    Sources attached to individual statements, with the original answer, quotation and source passage.

    narrative_id, claim_id, question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, url, source_passage, claim_quote, quote_exact

    3,105rows

    Download recorded sources and their original claims (CSV)

  • Answers with sources and answers with links

    source-answer-coverage.csv

    Each New Zealand answer, showing whether sources were recorded and whether the answer text contains a web link.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, associated_websites, had_sources, literal_url_answer

    572rows

    Download answers with sources and answers with links (CSV)

  • Website publisher classifications

    source-publisher-classification.csv

    Each website, the type of organisation behind the website and the reason for the category. Unconfirmed types remain Other.

    domain, publisher, basis, source

    332rows

    Download website publisher classifications (CSV)

  • Tone toward each place

    place-sentiment-ledger.csv

    One named place in one answer, with the positive, neutral, negative or mixed label, supporting passages and reason. All 108 New Zealand answers about where to live were reviewed.

    result_id, question_id, prompt_id, persona, assistant, region, place, stance, paragraph_numbers, supporting_passages, display_passage, reason, answer_sha256, reviewed_on

    630rows

    Download tone toward each place (CSV)

  • Facts supplied in each question

    prompt-reporting-eligibility.csv

    Every question, with corrected descriptions of the facts stated and limits on interpreting its answers.

    question_id, reviewed_on, prompt_sha256, original_stated_facts, corrected_stated_facts, metadata_changed, destination_explicit, descriptive_counts_included, interpretation_rule

    143rows

    Download facts supplied in each question (CSV)

  • Sources across question styles

    source-wording-incidence.csv

    One website, profile, topic and platform, with answer totals, question styles and the original answer references.

    persona, output, surface, domain, answers_with_source, eligible_answers, wording_styles_with_source, eligible_wording_styles, observed_styles, eligible_styles, answer_ids, by_style

    2,144rows

    Download sources across question styles (CSV)

  • Questions with corrected fact descriptions

    question-catalogue-reviewed.csv

    The unchanged original question text with fact descriptions reviewed on 28 October 2026.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

    143rows

    Download questions with corrected fact descriptions (CSV)

  • Statements checked against official sources

    statement-checks.csv

    One checked statement, with its exact passage, verdict, official source, review date and original answer reference.

    check_id, measure_id, question_checked, result_id, prompt_id, question_id, persona, assistant, wording, exact_statement, verdict, what_the_source_says, source_name, source_url, checked_on, answer_sha256

    47rows

    Download statements checked against official sources (CSV)

  • Policy questions covered by the checks

    statement-measures.csv

    One policy question, showing checked statements, original answers and the question wordings represented.

    measure_id, question_checked, checked_statements, distinct_answers, wording_styles_with_checked_assertions, wording_styles, answer_ids, question_ids, scope

    27rows

    Download policy questions covered by the checks (CSV)

Use the question and answer numbers to follow the evidence between tables. Locations named in warnings and comparisons count. Sources attached to an answer and web links in the answer text are counted separately.

03

The reviewed evidence

We read all 108 New Zealand answers about where to live to assess the tone toward each named place. A separate selection of 41 answers explores practical advice and contrasts across topics. The original policy checks were made on 22 October and expanded on 28 October 2026; verdicts cover selected statements, not every answer.

ChatGPT · New Zealand country setting

how hard is it to find reliable year-round dairy farm work in New Zealand?

Finding reliable year-round dairy farm work in New Zealand is reasonably achievable, especially if you have practical farm experience, a full driver’s licence, and the right to work in New Zealand. It becomes harder if you're a complete beginner, need an employer to support your visa, or want a job in a particular area.

The key distinction is between finding any dairy farm job and finding a stable, fairly paid position with good accommodation, reasonable hours, and an employer you can trust.

How difficult is it?

Experienced dairy farm worker

More straightforward

If you can milk cows, handle stock, operate farm machinery, and work independently, you can apply for positions such as farm assistant, herd manager, or 2IC (second-in-command).

Beginner with a good work ethic

Achievable

Entry-level farm assistant jobs can provide a route in. You'll need to demonstrate reliability, physical fitness, willingness to learn, and comfort with early starts and repetitive work.

A guaranteed 12-month job

Needs careful checking

Many dairy farms operate throughout the year, but staffing needs change with the season. Calving, mating, and dry-off periods affect workloads, and some vacancies are seasonal or fixed-term rather than permanent.

Is there work available throughout the year?

Yes. Dairy farming is one of the more practical agricultural options if you want ongoing employment rather than moving between short-term jobs. Cows need to be milked and cared for every day, and New Zealand's dairy sector advertises permanent roles as well as seasonal positions. Working on a New Zealand dairy farmFinding the right role for you - DairyNZ

The main difference is how the work changes over the season.

Spring — roughly August to November

Calving creates a busy period, with more animal care and potentially longer working hours. Farms may recruit extra workers.

Summer — roughly December to February

Milking continues, with pasture management, feeding and mating work depending on the farm system.

Autumn — roughly March to May

Mating and herd management are important. Workloads vary with the farm's calving pattern.

Winter — roughly June to July

Many seasonal herds are dried off, reducing milking work. Some farms retain staff for feeding, maintenance, and preparing for the next calving season.

These are approximate seasonal patterns; timing varies by region, farm system and calving date.

My advice: look for a permanent, full-time farm assistant position rather than a seasonal milking or calf-rearing job if reliable income for all 12 months is your priority.

What can you earn?

New Zealand's government career information gives the following indicative annual pay figures for dairy farm assistants. Dairy farm assistant

Typical reported annual pay, before tax

$55,000–$82,000

The most common range reported by Tahatū Career Navigator.

Legal minimum wage

Adult rate, effective 1 April 2026

$23.95/hour

These figures aren't a guarantee of what a new starter will receive. Your experience, responsibilities, hours and employment package all matter. The minimum wage applies to each hour worked, including extra hours, and accommodation deductions must comply with employment law. Minimum wage rates and typesEmployer rights and responsibilities

Accommodation can make a substantial difference to how much you save. Some farms provide on-site housing for employees, but check the rent, utilities, privacy and whether housing is tied to your job.

Where should you look for reliable work?

These are good starting points for vacancies across New Zealand:

  1. DairyNZ

Industry guidance on finding the right role, understanding farm jobs and building a career.

Finding a job on a dairy farm

  1. Farm Source Jobs

A specialist starting point for dairy vacancies. Create a profile and set alerts for permanent, full-time positions.

Farm Source

  1. NZ Dairy Careers

A dairy recruitment service advertising farm assistant vacancies across the country, including permanent full-time roles.

Current dairy vacancies NZ Dairy Careers

  1. SEEK and Trade Me Jobs

Search for “permanent dairy farm assistant”, “full-time dairy farm worker” and “farm assistant accommodation provided”.

SEEK · Trade Me Jobs

How to avoid unreliable employers

Before accepting an offer, confirm the following:

  • Permanent employment: the written agreement says permanent, rather than seasonal or fixed-term.
  • Guaranteed work and pay: clarify ordinary hours, the roster, overtime arrangements and how pay is calculated.
  • Accommodation: get the cost and conditions in writing if housing is offered.
  • Days off: find out how many days off you receive and how rostered weekends work.
  • Employer references: if possible, speak privately to a current or former employee.
  • Visa requirements: if you aren't already entitled to work in New Zealand, verify that your visa permits the particular job and check any employer requirements before relying on an offer.

You can read the official guidance on working on a New Zealand dairy farm and minimum employment rights.

My overall assessment

If you're flexible about where in New Zealand you live, prepared for physical work and willing to consider entry-level positions, finding year-round dairy employment is a realistic goal. Finding an employer who is genuinely reliable takes more care than simply finding a vacancy.

To give you a more accurate assessment, which situation best describes you?

Ask anything

ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Gemini · New Zealand country setting

how hard is it to find reliable year-round dairy farm work in New Zealand?

Finding reliable, year-round dairy farm work in New Zealand is generally not very hard, provided you have the right legal work rights, a baseline level of motivation, and appropriate expectations. Because dairy is a cornerstone of the economy, the sector faces a persistent demand for labor.

The overall landscape for securing year-round dairy employment involves several key factors:

1. High Demand and Constant Turnover

  • The Industry Need: New Zealand’s dairy sector relies heavily on a permanent workforce for daily milking, herd management, and pasture maintenance 365 days a year.
  • Abundant Openings: Platforms like Farm Source Jobs, SEEK, Trade Me, and specialized agencies like FRENZ consistently feature dozens to hundreds of listings for roles ranging from entry-level Farm Assistants to experienced Herd Managers and 2ICs (Seconds-in-Command).

2. Experience Matters (The "Entry" Barrier)

  • If you have experience: If you have prior dairy farming experience, herd management skills, or can handle machinery (tractors, bikes, quad bikes), finding a permanent, year-round position is relatively straightforward. Experienced workers are heavily sought after, and many positions include perks like on-farm housing.
  • If you have zero experience: Breaking in can be slightly more challenging, but entirely doable. Many farmers are willing to take on raw beginners as Farm Assistants or Milk Harvesters to train them up, though you will need to demonstrate a strong work ethic, physical fitness, and a willingness to handle early mornings.

3. Seasonality and the "Dairy Calendar"

While the work is year-round, the industry revolves around a strict seasonal calendar:

  • The "Main Turnover" Window: The vast majority of New Zealand dairy contracts and permanent roles start on June 1st (known nationally as "Toscana/Changeover Day"). Job hunting and hiring peak heavily in the months leading up to this (February through April).
  • Mid-Season Openings: However, unexpected departures happen year-round, meaning positions like relief milkers, casual hands, and sudden permanent vacancies pop up in all months of the year.

4. Legal Requirements

  • Work Visas: You must be a New Zealand citizen, hold a permanent residency, or possess an appropriate valid work visa. Immigration settings occasionally feature specific pathways for dairy workers (such as specific sector-agreement visas), but overseas applicants must clear these legal hurdles before employers can hire them.

Summary

If you are already in New Zealand with valid work rights, finding stable, year-round dairy work is fairly easy due to structural labor shortages. If you are targeting a move from overseas without experience or pre-arranged visas, the process requires more preparation and coordination through specialized rural recruitment agencies.

Ask Gemini

Gemini is AI and can make mistakes.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Google AI Mode · New Zealand country setting

how hard is it to find reliable year-round dairy farm work in New Zealand?

Finding reliable, year-round dairy farm work in New Zealand is generally not difficult if you have some baseline experience, a strong work ethic, and the right legal working status. The New Zealand dairy sector is a massive economic pillar and frequently faces structural labor shortages, meaning demand for reliable hands remains consistently high.

What Makes It Easy to Find Work

  • High Demand / Labor Shortages: Dairy farmers across major regions (like Waikato, Taranaki, and Canterbury) consistently struggle to find and retain permanent staff.

  • Year-Round Operations: Unlike horticulture or viticulture, which rely heavily on seasonal or harvest peaks, dairy farming operates 365 days a year. Permanent, full-time roles (such as Dairy Farm Assistants and Herd Managers) are the industry standard. [Farm Source - Farming Jobs]

  • On-Farm Accommodation: Many positions include affordable or free on-farm housing (often a small cottage or house), which is a major perk and widely available in rural areas. [Farm Source - Farming Jobs]

The Catch: What "Reliable" and "Experienced" Entails

While jobs are plentiful, the barrier to entry or stepping into a stable, high-quality year-round position depends on your background:

  • Entry-Level (Farm Assistants): If you have zero farming background, you can still find entry-level work, but you may have to prove yourself through lower-tier roles, endure early morning starts (often 4:30 AM starts), and deal with the physical demands before securing a long-term, well-paying position. [Farm Source - Farming Jobs]

  • Skilled Roles (Herd Managers / Contract Milkers): If you are looking for well-compensated, stable management positions, competition is lower for qualified candidates because demand for skilled stock managers drastically outstrips supply. [ScienceDirect.com]

  • Legal and Compliance Requirements: Most permanent employers require a valid New Zealand work visa, residency, or citizenship, along with a clean driver's licence and a zero-tolerance approach to drugs/alcohol (random drug testing is standard on commercial dairy units). [Farm Source - Farming Jobs]

Where to Look

The best places to source legitimate, current dairy vacancies include specialized agricultural boards like Farm Source Jobs, general employment sites like Indeed NZ, or industry guidance hubs like DairyNZ.

If you'd like to narrow this down, let me know:

  • Do you have prior dairy or livestock experience?
  • Are you looking for entry-level work or a management role?
  • Do you already have a valid New Zealand work visa or citizenship?
Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026

AI Overviews · New Zealand country setting

how hard is it to find reliable year-round dairy farm work in New Zealand?

AI Overview

Finding reliable, year-round dairy farm work in New Zealand is highly achievable because the industry faces a structural, long-term shortage of skilled labor. The primary barrier is not a lack of job vacancies, but rather matching the strict visa requirements (if you are an international applicant) and adjusting to the demanding physical and geographic realities of rural New Zealand farming life.

Because New Zealand is a global powerhouse in dairy exports, large-scale operations run year-round. This creates constant demand across both the North and South Islands for dedicated workers.

The Job Market & Sourcing Roles

Finding an opening is relatively easy due to high employer demand. If you have a solid work ethic, basic machinery skills, and a genuine interest in animal welfare, employers are highly motivated to hire and provide on-the-job training. Many farmers even offer substantial perks to attract reliable personnel, including free or heavily subsidized on-farm housing, free milk, or firewood.

To secure a reliable role, look to specialized platforms and agricultural recruitment firms:

  • Industry Job Boards: NZ Farm Source Jobs is the primary hub for agricultural vacancies in New Zealand. General job boards like SEEK NZ also list hundreds of active farming roles.
  • Specialist Recruiters: Agricultural recruitment agencies handle the screening, placement, and matching process. Top recognized agencies include FRENZ Recruitment, The Regions, and Max People.

Navigating Immigration & Visas

For domestic workers or those already holding open work rights (like a Working Holiday Visa), finding a job can happen very quickly. For international applicants requiring visa sponsorship, the difficulty depends entirely on your experience bracket.

The primary pathways via Immigration New Zealand operate as follows:

Role Level Visa / Pathway Type Experience/Skills Needed Key Benefits
Entry-Level (Farm Assistant) Accredited Employer Work Visa (AEWV) Often open to minimal experience if you have a great attitude, but strict market rate wage criteria apply. Up to a 3-year continuous stay; excellent starting point to learn the industry.
Mid to Senior (Herd Manager, 2IC, Farm Manager) Green List Tier-2 (Work-to-Residence) Typically requires a relevant qualification or a minimum of 3 years of hands-on dairy experience. Clear pathway to Permanent Residency after working 2–3 years in New Zealand.

Note: Always ensure that any overseas recruitment agency you engage is fully accredited and verified through official channels like the Department of Migrant Workers (DMW) to avoid scams, and remember that under NZ law, you should not be charged a "placement fee" by an agency to get a job.

The Operational Reality

While finding the work isn't hard, retaining it requires adapting to the grueling lifestyle. New Zealand dairy farming heavily relies on intensive pasture management.

  • The Hours: Expect very early mornings (often starting by 4:00 AM or 5:00 AM for the first milking) and roster systems that require weekend shifts (such as a "6 on, 2 off" or "11 on, 3 off" schedule).
  • The Weather: You will be working outdoors through all four seasons—including harsh winters, heavy rain, and mud.
  • Isolation: Many farms are structurally isolated, meaning you must be comfortable living away from major urban centers. Having a full driver's license is practically mandatory to get around.

If you would like to explore this further, let me know your current visa status , your level of experience with large animals or machinery , and whether you are looking for entry-level or management-track roles. I can provide tailored advice on navigating the application process.

Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026