Evidence · Immigration

Immigration: questions, answers and evidence

Read all 797 original answers and the tables behind the findings. The 27 missing answers are from the China comparison on three platforms.

questions
143
captured answers
797
missing responses
27
answers collected
15–20 October 2026

01

Every question, with its answers

Each question was written as a voter would ask it and went to all four assistants. Some were also asked from a town. Open a question to read every answer to it in full.

Showing 20 of 143 questions

02

The tables behind the study

Every figure on the study page comes from these tables. They are CSV files, which open in any spreadsheet.

  • Complete AI answers

    answers.csv

    One complete original answer, with the question, platform, country setting and migrant profile.

    question_id, surface_code, location_ref, result_id, prompt_id, platform, scan_id, collection_panel, question_text, response_text

  • The questions we asked

    question-catalogue.csv

    One question with the migrant profile, wording and purpose.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

  • Planned questions, platforms and countries

    execution-assignments.csv

    One question, platform and country we planned to collect an answer from.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

  • The 27 missing answers

    missing-cells.csv

    One expected answer that was not collected.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

  • Locations named for each migrant profile

    location-by-persona.csv

    How often a place was named in the twelve New Zealand answers for each migrant profile.

    persona, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles, wording_count, surface_count

  • Locations named across question wordings

    location-by-wording.csv

    One profile, platform and place, showing which versions of the question led to an answer naming the place.

    persona, surface, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles

  • Locations named by collection country

    location-by-region.csv

    One place and country setting; the China comparison has nine answers on Google AI Mode only.

    region, place, answers, denominator, surfaces

  • Eight countries on Google AI Mode

    location-ai-mode-eight-regions.csv

    One place and country across the same nine questions on Google AI Mode.

    region, place, answers, denominator

  • Matched local and overseas answers

    matched-region-answer-pairs.csv

    A New Zealand answer alongside the same question and platform using another country setting.

    region, surface, persona, question_id, result_id, nz_result_id, same_place_set, jaccard, added_names, omitted_names

  • Topics explicitly raised in the answers

    signals-by-output-platform.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by topic and platform.

    output, surface, signal, answers, denominator

  • Topics raised for each migrant profile

    signals-by-persona-output.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by migrant profile and topic.

    output, persona, signal, answers, denominator

  • Website addresses in captured answers

    captured-answer-links.csv

    Web addresses saved in the original answers, with image and file links identified.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, url, domain, host_class, image_or_asset

  • Extra table: links excluding images and files

    captured-links-by-platform.csv

    One platform across the same 143 New Zealand questions. The table excludes image and file links; the main Sources section counts those links.

    surface, denominator, answers_with_links, answers_with_govt_links

  • Captured answer lengths

    platform-answer-length.csv

    One platform across the same 143 local questions.

    surface, answers, median_words, mean_words

  • Recorded websites by answer

    sources-by-answer.csv

    Each website recorded as a source for an answer, with the page addresses and number of statements linked to the website.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, publisher, claim_count, source_urls

  • Recorded sources and their original claims

    source-claim-ledger.csv

    Sources attached to individual statements, with the original answer, quotation and source passage.

    narrative_id, claim_id, question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, url, source_passage, claim_quote, quote_exact

  • Answers with sources and answers with links

    source-answer-coverage.csv

    Each New Zealand answer, showing whether sources were recorded and whether the answer text contains a web link.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, associated_websites, had_sources, literal_url_answer

  • Website publisher classifications

    source-publisher-classification.csv

    Each website, the type of organisation behind the website and the reason for the category. Unconfirmed types remain Other.

    domain, publisher, basis, source

  • Tone toward each place

    place-sentiment-ledger.csv

    One named place in one answer, with the positive, neutral, negative or mixed label, supporting passages and reason. All 108 New Zealand answers about where to live were reviewed.

    result_id, question_id, prompt_id, persona, assistant, region, place, stance, paragraph_numbers, supporting_passages, display_passage, reason, answer_sha256, reviewed_on

  • Facts supplied in each question

    prompt-reporting-eligibility.csv

    Every question, with corrected descriptions of the facts stated and limits on interpreting its answers.

    question_id, reviewed_on, prompt_sha256, original_stated_facts, corrected_stated_facts, metadata_changed, destination_explicit, descriptive_counts_included, interpretation_rule

  • Sources across question styles

    source-wording-incidence.csv

    One website, profile, topic and platform, with answer totals, question styles and the original answer references.

    persona, output, surface, domain, answers_with_source, eligible_answers, wording_styles_with_source, eligible_wording_styles, observed_styles, eligible_styles, answer_ids, by_style

  • Questions with corrected fact descriptions

    question-catalogue-reviewed.csv

    The unchanged original question text with fact descriptions reviewed on 28 October 2026.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

  • Statements checked against official sources

    statement-checks.csv

    One checked statement, with its exact passage, verdict, official source, review date and original answer reference.

    check_id, measure_id, question_checked, result_id, prompt_id, question_id, persona, assistant, wording, exact_statement, verdict, what_the_source_says, source_name, source_url, checked_on, answer_sha256

  • Policy questions covered by the checks

    statement-measures.csv

    One policy question, showing checked statements, original answers and the question wordings represented.

    measure_id, question_checked, checked_statements, distinct_answers, wording_styles_with_checked_assertions, wording_styles, answer_ids, question_ids, scope

Use the question and answer numbers to follow the evidence between tables. Locations named in warnings and comparisons count. Sources attached to an answer and web links in the answer text are counted separately.

03

The reviewed evidence

We read all 108 New Zealand answers about where to live to assess the tone toward each named place. A separate selection of 41 answers explores practical advice and contrasts across topics. The original policy checks were made on 22 October and expanded on 28 October 2026; verdicts cover selected statements, not every answer.

ChatGPT · New Zealand country setting

cost of moving to New Zealand alone before finding a software job

How much does it cost to move to New Zealand alone before finding a software job?

If you're planning to move to New Zealand on your own, without a software job lined up, I'd aim to have NZ$15,000–$25,000 saved for a reasonably cautious move, assuming you have the legal right to live and work in New Zealand.

You could arrive with less if you have somewhere to stay, but moving without a job means you need enough money to cover rent, living costs, and a potentially lengthy job search.

Estimated savings needed

NZ$8k–12k

Bare-bones

About 1–2 months of runway

Suitable only if you have cheap accommodation, minimal moving costs, and a realistic chance of finding work quickly. Risky without a job offer.

NZ$15k–25k

Practical target

About 3–4 months of runway

A more realistic starting budget for renting a room, buying groceries, getting set up, and applying for software roles.

NZ$25k–35k+

More cautious

About 5–6 months of runway

Gives you more time if the software job search takes longer than expected or you need to move between rentals.

These are planning estimates rather than official minimums. Your visa, departure country, accommodation, and how long it takes to get hired will make a significant difference.

1. Breakdown of your initial costs

Here is a sample budget for moving alone and renting a room in a shared house, rather than renting an entire apartment.

Expense Estimated cost (NZD)
One-way flight $800–2,000
Visa and application-related costs $0–3,000+
Temporary accommodation, 1–2 weeks $500–1,200
Rental bond and advance rent $1,000–2,000
Food and groceries, first month $350–600
Local transport, first month $100–250
SIM card, household essentials $150–400
Emergency and unexpected expenses $1,000–2,000
Initial setup subtotal $3,900–11,450+

These are indicative estimates, not quoted prices. The visa amount depends heavily on your circumstances and visa category.

You should then keep a separate reserve for your monthly living expenses.

2. How much will you spend each month?

Illustrative budget for one person in a shared rental

Monthly expense Estimated cost
Room in a shared house $1,000–1,600
Food and groceries $350–600
Transport $100–250
Phone and internet $40–100
Utilities and household expenses $100–200
Personal expenses $200–400
Total per month $1,790–3,150

Your costs will depend on where in New Zealand you live, your rental arrangement, and your lifestyle. Living with flatmates and cooking at home can reduce costs substantially.

3. How long could your savings last?

Assuming your initial setup costs are $5,000 and your ongoing expenses average $2,300 per month:

NZ$10,000

Tight budget

Approximately 2.2 months before savings run out

NZ$15,000

Some flexibility

Approximately 4.3 months before savings run out

NZ$20,000

More breathing room

Approximately 6.5 months before savings run out

NZ$25,000

Longer runway

Approximately 8.7 months before savings run out

Illustrative calculation: savings minus $5,000 in setup costs, then $2,300 per month. Actual costs may be higher or lower.

For someone moving specifically to find a software engineering job, I would plan for at least 4–6 months of living expenses, rather than assuming you'll be employed within a few weeks.

4. An important consideration: your visa

Before booking your flight, check whether you can legally work in New Zealand while searching for a job.

  • Working holiday visa: Available to eligible citizens of participating countries, subject to age and scheme conditions. This can provide a way to arrive and work without having a permanent job offer first.
  • Accredited Employer Work Visa: Generally requires a qualifying job offer from an accredited employer, so it is not a general job-seeker visa.
  • Residence or other work rights: Your options depend on your citizenship, qualifications, and immigration circumstances.

You can check the official Immigration New Zealand work visa guide. Visas for working in New Zealand :: Immigration New ZealandAccredited Employer Work Visa » Immigration New Zealand

Do not base your budget on being able to take temporary work until you have confirmed that your visa conditions allow it.

5. Let's estimate your actual moving budget

I can narrow this down quite a bit with two details.

Ask anything

ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Gemini · New Zealand country setting

cost of moving to New Zealand alone before finding a software job

Moving to New Zealand alone as a software professional before securing a local job requires careful financial planning. Because New Zealand Immigration generally expects most applicants to have a secured job offer (via the Accredited Employer Work Visa or similar pathways) unless you are utilizing a Working Holiday Visa (if eligible by age), moving completely on spec means you need a robust self-funded runway.

A realistic breakdown of the upfront and ongoing costs required for a single person to make this move involves several key categories:


1. Pre-Departure & Relocation Costs (One-Off)

Before you even land, you will face fixed structural costs to get yourself and your essentials across the border:

  • Visa Application Fees: Depending on the visa path (e.g., Working Holiday vs. temporary work pathways), expect anywhere from NZD $770 to $1,540+.
  • Flights: A one-way economy ticket from major hubs (like the US, UK, or Europe) typically ranges from NZD $1,000 to $2,700.
  • Shipping & Luggage: If you are shipping a partial container or excess baggage rather than starting entirely from scratch, budget NZD $1,000 to $4,000. Furnishing an empty apartment completely upon arrival can add another NZD $3,000 to $5,000.
  • Medical, Police Checks & Miscellaneous: Biometrics, medical certificates, and required background checks generally total NZD $300 to $600.

2. Arrival & Upfront Housing Costs

Securing a rental property in New Zealand requires immediate capital upfront:

  • Rental Bond & Advance Rent: By law, landlords can ask for up to 4 weeks' rent for the bond, plus 1 to 2 weeks' rent in advance. Total move-in costs for a 1-bedroom flat or a room in a shared flat typically range from NZD $1,500 to $4,000 (depending heavily on whether you rent your own place or flat share).

3. Monthly Cost of Living Runway (While Job Hunting)

Finding a software job can take anywhere from a few weeks to several months depending on market conditions. For a single person living independently in a main centre (such as Auckland or Wellington), a standard monthly budget looks like this:

  • Rent / Housing: NZD $1,400 to $2,500/month for a 1-bedroom apartment (or NZD $1,000 to $1,400 if you choose to flat-share with others to cut costs).
  • Groceries & Household Goods: NZD $450 to $700/month.
  • Utilities & Internet: NZD $150 to $250/month (power tends to spike during winter months).
  • Transport: NZD $120 to $300/month for public transport, or higher if you purchase and maintain a used car immediately.
  • Phone, Misc & Health: NZD $200 to $400/month.

Total Monthly Burn Rate: Expect to spend roughly NZD $2,500 to $3,500 per month as a frugal or shared-housing single renter, or NZD $3,200 to $4,500+ per month if renting a 1-bedroom place alone in a major city.


Total Recommended Buffer

If you are moving independently without a job lined up, financial planners and recent migrants generally recommend having a minimum safety runway of 3 to 6 months of living expenses, alongside your initial relocation costs.

  • Total estimated minimum cash required: NZD $25,000 to $40,000 for a single person. This ensures you can comfortably absorb visa fees, flights, move-in bond costs, and several months of living expenses while navigating the local tech market without immediate financial distress.

Note: Software engineering roles in New Zealand are heavily concentrated in Auckland and Wellington, though remote options and regional hubs like Christchurch also exist. Securing interviews remotely before boarding a flight is strongly recommended to shorten your unemployed runway.

Ask Gemini

Gemini is AI and can make mistakes.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Google AI Mode · New Zealand country setting

cost of moving to New Zealand alone before finding a software job

The total estimated cost of moving to New Zealand alone before securing a software job ranges from $8,000 to $20,000+ NZD , heavily dependent on shipping needs, flight origins, and your upfront emergency runway.

Moving without a job lined up requires strict adherence to Immigration New Zealand visa rules, as most work visas require a prior job offer. If entering on a temporary visitor or working holiday visa (if eligible by age and nationality), you must account for self-funded living expenses while hunting for a tech role in major hubs like Auckland or Wellington.

Breakdown of Upfront Costs

  • Visas and Immigration Fees: $400 – $1,500 NZD depending on whether you use a Working Holiday Visa or another temporary entry category.

  • Flights and One-Way Travel: $1,500 – $3,500 NZD for a one-way international ticket plus baggage to New Zealand.

  • Temporary Accommodation (First 4 Weeks): $1,500 – $2,800 NZD for an Airbnb, hostel, or short-term rental while searching for a long-term lease.

  • Living Expenses (3 Months Runway): $6,000 – $10,000 NZD (approx. $2,000 to $3,500 NZD per month covering rent, groceries, utilities, and transport for a single person before finding work).

  • Shipping and Luggage: $500 – $4,000 NZD depending on whether you travel with extra bags or freight a partial container/boxes.

  • Buffer/Emergency Cash: $2,000 – $5,000 NZD for unexpected compliance, communication, or medical costs before local insurance or employment kicks in.

If you want to narrow down this estimate, tell me:

  • Where you are moving from (to gauge flight and shipping costs)
  • What visa category you plan to use
  • How many months of living runway you want to prepare for

I can help refine the budget or point you to specific visa pathways.

Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026

AI Overviews · New Zealand country setting

cost of moving to New Zealand alone before finding a software job

AI Overview

Moving to New Zealand alone as a software engineer before securing a job requires an estimated upfront budget of NZD $10,500 to NZD $18,500.

The tech job hunt for offshore applicants can realistically take 3 to 6 months. Because you cannot legally work locally on a standard tourist visa, you will need enough capital to cover upfront relocation fees, the legal "proof of funds" required by Immigration New Zealand, and basic solo living expenses while you interview.


Budget Breakdown

1. Pre-Departure Costs (NZD $2,500 – $4,500)

  • Visas: If you are under 30 or 35 (depending on nationality), a Working Holiday Visa is the easiest way to enter and job hunt legally, costing around NZD $420. A standard Visitor Visa costs roughly NZD $441 but explicitly forbids working or accepting local employment before transitioning to an accredited work visa.
  • Flights: A one-way international ticket to New Zealand generally runs between NZD $1,200 and $2,500 , depending on your origin country.
  • Medical & Admin: Medical exams, chest X-rays, and police clearances required for extended visas add NZD $500 – $800.

2. Official "Proof of Funds" Requirement

To clear customs, Immigration New Zealand legally requires you to show you can support yourself:

  • On a Visitor Visa: You must prove you have at least NZD $1,000 per month of your stay (or $400/month if accommodation is prepaid).
  • On a Working Holiday Visa: You must show a minimum of NZD $4,200 in a bank account upon arrival.

3. Monthly Solo Cost of Living (NZD $2,500 – $3,500 per month)

While the government's minimum required funds keep you legal, actual solo living costs in major urban areas (where 80%+ of software roles are located, like Auckland and Wellington) are higher:

  • Rent (Shared/Flatting): Renting a room in a shared house (a "flat") is the most economical option, averaging NZD $250 – $350 per week.
  • Food & Groceries: Food costs are relatively high due to island logistics; expect NZD $100 – $150 per week if cooking at home.
  • Utilities & Internet: NZD $50 – $75 per week.
  • Transport: Public transit or basic vehicle fuel costs about NZD $40 – $70 per week.

4. Initial Setup Costs (NZD $1,000 – $2,000)

When moving into a flat, you must budget for a rental bond (typically 3 to 4 weeks of rent upfront) plus 1–2 weeks of rent in advance. nz.costeva.com


Cost Summary Scenario (3 Months of Job Hunting)

Expense Category Estimated Cost (NZD)
Flights & Visa Fees $2,000 – $3,500
Initial Rental Bond & Advance Rent $1,500 – $2,000
3 Months of Core Living Expenses $7,000 – $10,500
Emergency Buffer $1,500 – $2,500
Total Estimated Capital Needed $12,000 – $18,500

Software Job Market Reality Check

The software market can be highly competitive for those without local experience. If you map out a path via the Immigration New Zealand Green List, software engineers are highly valued, but most standard work visas require an official job offer from an Accredited Employer before approval. Ensure your visa type allows you to legally interview and transition to a work visa seamlessly while onshore.

To help tailor this budget, could you share what country you are moving from and what specific visa you plan to enter on? Let me know if you would also like a breakdown of typical software engineer salaries across New Zealand to calculate your potential return on investment.

Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026