Evidence · Immigration

Immigration: questions, answers and evidence

Read all 797 original answers and the tables behind the findings. The 27 missing answers are from the China comparison on three platforms.

questions
143
captured answers
797
missing responses
27
answers collected
15–20 October 2026

01

Every question, with its answers

Each question was written as a voter would ask it and went to all four assistants. Some were also asked from a town. Open a question to read every answer to it in full.

Showing 20 of 143 questions

02

The tables behind the study

Every figure on the study page comes from these tables. They are CSV files, which open in any spreadsheet.

  • Complete AI answers

    answers.csv

    One complete original answer, with the question, platform, country setting and migrant profile.

    question_id, surface_code, location_ref, result_id, prompt_id, platform, scan_id, collection_panel, question_text, response_text

  • The questions we asked

    question-catalogue.csv

    One question with the migrant profile, wording and purpose.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

  • Planned questions, platforms and countries

    execution-assignments.csv

    One question, platform and country we planned to collect an answer from.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

  • The 27 missing answers

    missing-cells.csv

    One expected answer that was not collected.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

  • Locations named for each migrant profile

    location-by-persona.csv

    How often a place was named in the twelve New Zealand answers for each migrant profile.

    persona, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles, wording_count, surface_count

  • Locations named across question wordings

    location-by-wording.csv

    One profile, platform and place, showing which versions of the question led to an answer naming the place.

    persona, surface, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles

  • Locations named by collection country

    location-by-region.csv

    One place and country setting; the China comparison has nine answers on Google AI Mode only.

    region, place, answers, denominator, surfaces

  • Eight countries on Google AI Mode

    location-ai-mode-eight-regions.csv

    One place and country across the same nine questions on Google AI Mode.

    region, place, answers, denominator

  • Matched local and overseas answers

    matched-region-answer-pairs.csv

    A New Zealand answer alongside the same question and platform using another country setting.

    region, surface, persona, question_id, result_id, nz_result_id, same_place_set, jaccard, added_names, omitted_names

  • Topics explicitly raised in the answers

    signals-by-output-platform.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by topic and platform.

    output, surface, signal, answers, denominator

  • Topics raised for each migrant profile

    signals-by-persona-output.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by migrant profile and topic.

    output, persona, signal, answers, denominator

  • Website addresses in captured answers

    captured-answer-links.csv

    Web addresses saved in the original answers, with image and file links identified.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, url, domain, host_class, image_or_asset

  • Extra table: links excluding images and files

    captured-links-by-platform.csv

    One platform across the same 143 New Zealand questions. The table excludes image and file links; the main Sources section counts those links.

    surface, denominator, answers_with_links, answers_with_govt_links

  • Captured answer lengths

    platform-answer-length.csv

    One platform across the same 143 local questions.

    surface, answers, median_words, mean_words

  • Recorded websites by answer

    sources-by-answer.csv

    Each website recorded as a source for an answer, with the page addresses and number of statements linked to the website.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, publisher, claim_count, source_urls

  • Recorded sources and their original claims

    source-claim-ledger.csv

    Sources attached to individual statements, with the original answer, quotation and source passage.

    narrative_id, claim_id, question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, url, source_passage, claim_quote, quote_exact

  • Answers with sources and answers with links

    source-answer-coverage.csv

    Each New Zealand answer, showing whether sources were recorded and whether the answer text contains a web link.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, associated_websites, had_sources, literal_url_answer

  • Website publisher classifications

    source-publisher-classification.csv

    Each website, the type of organisation behind the website and the reason for the category. Unconfirmed types remain Other.

    domain, publisher, basis, source

  • Tone toward each place

    place-sentiment-ledger.csv

    One named place in one answer, with the positive, neutral, negative or mixed label, supporting passages and reason. All 108 New Zealand answers about where to live were reviewed.

    result_id, question_id, prompt_id, persona, assistant, region, place, stance, paragraph_numbers, supporting_passages, display_passage, reason, answer_sha256, reviewed_on

  • Facts supplied in each question

    prompt-reporting-eligibility.csv

    Every question, with corrected descriptions of the facts stated and limits on interpreting its answers.

    question_id, reviewed_on, prompt_sha256, original_stated_facts, corrected_stated_facts, metadata_changed, destination_explicit, descriptive_counts_included, interpretation_rule

  • Sources across question styles

    source-wording-incidence.csv

    One website, profile, topic and platform, with answer totals, question styles and the original answer references.

    persona, output, surface, domain, answers_with_source, eligible_answers, wording_styles_with_source, eligible_wording_styles, observed_styles, eligible_styles, answer_ids, by_style

  • Questions with corrected fact descriptions

    question-catalogue-reviewed.csv

    The unchanged original question text with fact descriptions reviewed on 28 October 2026.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

  • Statements checked against official sources

    statement-checks.csv

    One checked statement, with its exact passage, verdict, official source, review date and original answer reference.

    check_id, measure_id, question_checked, result_id, prompt_id, question_id, persona, assistant, wording, exact_statement, verdict, what_the_source_says, source_name, source_url, checked_on, answer_sha256

  • Policy questions covered by the checks

    statement-measures.csv

    One policy question, showing checked statements, original answers and the question wordings represented.

    measure_id, question_checked, checked_statements, distinct_answers, wording_styles_with_checked_assertions, wording_styles, answer_ids, question_ids, scope

Use the question and answer numbers to follow the evidence between tables. Locations named in warnings and comparisons count. Sources attached to an answer and web links in the answer text are counted separately.

03

The reviewed evidence

We read all 108 New Zealand answers about where to live to assess the tone toward each named place. A separate selection of 41 answers explores practical advice and contrasts across topics. The original policy checks were made on 22 October and expanded on 28 October 2026; verdicts cover selected statements, not every answer.

ChatGPT · New Zealand country setting

downsides of moving back to New Zealand with a citizen partner and preschool child when I need work

Moving back to New Zealand with a partner who is a New Zealand citizen and a preschool-aged child can offer real benefits, especially if you have family support there. But if you need to find work to support your family, the biggest downside is the risk of moving before you have secure employment, affordable childcare and a clear financial plan.

The experience can be very different depending on where you're moving from, what work you do, whether your partner will be earning, and whether you have relatives who can help with childcare.

The main downsides to consider

1. Finding a job may take longer than expected

New Zealand's job market can be competitive, particularly if you're looking for professional, specialist or well-paid work. In the June 2026 quarter, unemployment was 5.6%, according to Stats NZ. Unemployment rate

  • Employers may prefer recent New Zealand experience or local references.
  • Your qualifications may need local recognition.
  • You may have to accept lower pay, a less senior position or temporary work initially.
  • Searching for jobs while caring for a preschooler can be difficult.

The risk: you may be out of work longer than your savings can comfortably cover.

2. Housing and everyday expenses can absorb your income

Rent, groceries, transport, power, insurance and childcare can leave less disposable income than you expect.

This matters particularly if your household will rely on one income while you search for work. Even after finding a job, your take-home pay might not cover the additional costs of working, such as commuting and longer childcare hours.

The risk: your family could be financially worse off than it was overseas, even if you are both employed.

3. Childcare can complicate your job search

You may need childcare to attend interviews, start a new job or work standard business hours. You may also encounter waiting lists, limited hours, extra fees or difficulty finding care near home or work.

New Zealand's 20 Hours ECE scheme can help with eligible hours for children aged three to five, but it doesn't necessarily cover all the hours you need. Additional fees may apply. Work and Income also offers a Childcare Subsidy for eligible families, subject to its criteria. Childcare SubsidyChildcare

The risk: you could struggle to start a job because childcare isn't organised, or discover that a substantial part of your earnings goes towards care.

4. You may carry more of the childcare and household burden

If your partner finds work first, or already has a job lined up, you might become the default parent while looking for work.

Interviews, networking, retraining and starting a new role are harder when you're also managing nursery drop-offs, illnesses, appointments and household responsibilities.

The risk: your career could take a back seat, even if moving was intended to improve your family's long-term future.

5. You could become financially dependent on your partner

If your partner is a New Zealand citizen and has family, a job or accommodation waiting in New Zealand, they may settle in more quickly than you do.

If you have no income initially, you may have less independence over spending, savings and major decisions. This can become stressful if you disagree about how long you should stay home with your child or which job you should accept.

The risk: an unequal financial position can affect your sense of security, particularly if you have left your own career and support network behind.

6. Returning may mean giving up opportunities overseas

Depending on where you're moving from, you could lose:

  • A higher salary or better career progression.
  • Access to a larger employment market.
  • Professional contacts and established childcare arrangements.
  • Financial benefits such as employer pension contributions or other employment benefits.

You may also have significant relocation costs, including flights, shipping, temporary accommodation, rental deposits and replacing household essentials.

The risk: moving back could be difficult to reverse if you later decide the job market or financial situation isn't working for you.

7. You shouldn't assume you'll qualify for financial assistance immediately

Your partner's citizenship doesn't automatically make every payment available to your household. Work and Income payments have different residence, income and other eligibility rules; some have additional residence-period requirements. Moving to New Zealand

If you aren't a New Zealand citizen or resident yourself, your immigration status also matters. A partner of a New Zealand citizen may be eligible for a work visa, but you must meet the requirements and obtain the appropriate visa. Your partner's citizenship alone doesn't grant you automatic work rights. Partner of a New Zealander Work Visa » Immigration New Zealand

The risk: budgeting on the assumption that you can work immediately or receive benefits could leave a gap in your finances.

What would make the move financially risky?

I'd pay particular attention to these four situations:

  • No job offer and limited savings: you could face months of living costs without your own income.
  • One income that barely covers essentials: an unexpected bill, delayed job start or childcare cost could put pressure on the household.
  • No family nearby to help: paid childcare becomes more important, and you have less flexibility for interviews or irregular working hours.
  • A career that pays substantially more where you live now: returning could mean a lasting reduction in household income, not just a temporary adjustment.

How to reduce the downsides before moving

  1. Apply for jobs before you relocate, and check realistic salary ranges for your occupation.
  2. Work out a household budget based on your partner's income alone, rather than assuming you'll find a job quickly.
  3. Keep an emergency fund that covers relocation costs and several months of essential expenses, if possible.
  4. Contact childcare centres in the areas you're considering and ask about availability, hours, fees and waiting lists.
  5. Confirm your own visa and work rights, and check eligibility for any assistance rather than relying on assumptions.
  6. Agree with your partner how expenses will be shared, how long a job search can last, and what you'll do if suitable work doesn't materialise.

My overall perspective

Moving back to New Zealand may be worthwhile for your family's support network, your child's upbringing or your partner's long-term plans. But if you need to work, the key question is whether you can establish a financially sustainable life there without relying on an optimistic job-search timeline.

I would compare your likely household finances in both countries, including childcare, housing, tax, savings and career progression, rather than comparing salaries alone.

Can I tailor this to your situation?

The most important detail is which country are you moving back from? The downsides can look very different depending on whether you're leaving Australia, the UK, Europe or somewhere else. I can then give you a more realistic comparison of work prospects, living costs and what you might be giving up by returning to New Zealand.

Ask anything

ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Gemini · New Zealand country setting

downsides of moving back to New Zealand with a citizen partner and preschool child when I need work

Moving back to New Zealand with a citizen partner and a preschooler when you need to secure employment is an exciting step, but it comes with distinct structural and economic hurdles. While your partner’s citizenship simplifies immigration, establishing a stable household where you are job-hunting introduces several key challenges.


1. Tightening Job Market and Wage Realities

  • Competitive and Softening Labor Market: New Zealand’s employment market has faced a tightened economic climate, with national unemployment hovering around 5.4% to 5.6%. Securing a professional role can take longer than anticipated, and hiring processes can be notoriously drawn-out, particularly in smaller corporate or regional markets.
  • The "Local Experience" Bias: Even if you have extensive international credentials, New Zealand employers frequently place heavy emphasis on local experience or a local "network track record." Breaking into the market without pre-established local connections can lead to an initial period of underemployment or prolonged job-hunting.
  • Wage-to-Cost Mismatch: New Zealand wages are notoriously modest compared to parts of North America, Western Europe, or Australia, while living costs remain high. Landing a single income initially can put immense pressure on household finances.

2. High Cost of Living and Housing Pressures

  • Steep Housing and Rent Costs: Rental stock in major centers (particularly Auckland and Wellington) is expensive, and properties often lack the insulation, double glazing, or central heating common in other developed countries. Finding a healthy, warm home for a preschooler can be competitive and costly.
  • Escalating Everyday Expenses: Supermarket duopoly pricing keeps grocery bills high, and utility, fuel, and vehicle maintenance costs consume a large portion of a household budget. If you rely on a single income while looking for work, your savings can deplete much faster than expected.

3. Preschool (ECE) Logistics and Costs

  • ECE Costs Before Age 3: While children aged 3 and 4 are eligible for 20 Hours Free Early Childhood Education (ECE) per week at participating providers, care for a preschooler under 3 (or extra hours beyond the funded 20) can be remarkably expensive.
  • Navigating Subsidies and Bureaucracy: Government childcare subsidies are income-tested, meaning that until you secure a job and your household income is accurately assessed, navigating entitlements can be stressful. Furthermore, waiting lists for reputable daycares or kindergartens in popular suburbs can be long.

4. Partner Re-Integration and "Reverse Culture Shock"

  • Your Partner's Adjustment: Even though your partner is a New Zealand citizen, "returning home" often triggers reverse culture shock. They may find that friends and family have moved on, social circles have shifted, and the New Zealand they left has changed significantly.
  • Isolation and Support Networks: If you are moving away from your own home country/support system, the initial burden of settling a child, managing a household, and handling your own job search falls heavily on the dynamic between you and your partner—potentially creating relationship friction during a high-stress transition.

Are you planning to target a specific industry or region in New Zealand for your job search?

Ask Gemini

Gemini is AI and can make mistakes.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Google AI Mode · New Zealand country setting

downsides of moving back to New Zealand with a citizen partner and preschool child when I need work

Moving back to New Zealand when you are relying on finding a job, while also managing the needs of a preschooler and a Kiwi citizen partner, comes with a distinct set of hurdles. While having a citizen partner makes your legal right to live and work straightforward (via a partnership-based visa or residency), the practical realities of the current economic and social landscape can be tough.

  • Tight job market dynamics: New Zealand's employment market has faced notable tightening and economic cooling. Securing a professional role can take longer than expected, and many sectors experience high competition for relatively few openings. If you are coming from overseas, local employers may still lean heavily on "local experience," meaning you might face a longer runway before landing an income.

  • High cost of living relative to local wages: While inflation pressures have eased compared to their peak, the cost of everyday essentials—groceries, electricity, fuel, and local council rates—remains high. New Zealand wage growth often lags behind other major economies (like Australia or the UK), meaning your household purchasing power might drop significantly until you are both earning.

  • Early childhood education (ECE) costs and availability: For a preschooler, you will need to navigate the ECE system. While 3- and 4-year-olds are eligible for 20 Hours Free ECE at participating providers, "free" rarely covers full-day care or extra operational/activity fees. Finding a spot in a reputable daycare or kindergarten can also involve waitlists, and if you need full-time care so you can job-hunt or work, unsubsidized hours for under-3s or extra hours can become a major household expense.

  • The "trans-Tasman pull" and brain drain context: New Zealand continues to see a net loss of citizens moving to Australia in search of higher pay and lower living costs. Returning against this current means you are stepping into an economy that many locals are actively leaving, which can sometimes affect broader community infrastructure, healthcare wait times, and public services.

  • Career re-entry friction for the non-citizen partner: Re-establishing a professional network from scratch can be isolating and slow. If your partner has been away from New Zealand for a while, their local network might be outdated too, meaning neither of you has a warm-lead pipeline for employment.

If you'd like to narrow this down, let me know:

  • What industry or field do you work in?
  • Roughly how long have you and your partner been living overseas?

I can share more targeted insights on how your specific sector is performing in New Zealand right now.

Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026

AI Overviews · New Zealand country setting

downsides of moving back to New Zealand with a citizen partner and preschool child when I need work

AI Overview

Moving back to New Zealand with a citizen partner and a preschool child while needing employment presents unique structural and financial challenges. While the country offers a high quality of life, returning expatriates often face high initial setup costs, childcare bottlenecks, and a highly networked, localized job market.

Job Market & Employment Friction

  • The "Kiwi Experience" Paradox: Even with a citizen partner, employers frequently prioritize candidates with local, recent New Zealand work experience. Overseas corporate structures or specific regional expertise do not always translate smoothly, which can lengthen your job hunt.
  • Network-Driven Hiring: A significant portion of the New Zealand job market operates through word-of-mouth and established professional circles. Building a network from scratch takes time, leaving you reliant on standard job boards like Trade Me Jobs or Seek.
  • Lower Wage-to-Cost Ratio: Salaries in New Zealand across many professional sectors generally track lower than in major global hubs (such as the US, UK, or Australia), while everyday expenses remain high.

Childcare Costs & Availability Barriers

  • High Cost of Early Childhood Education (ECE): Childcare is a significant out-of-pocket expense. While New Zealand offers up to 20 hours of subsidized ECE per week for children aged 3 to 5, this rarely covers full-time working hours. Long waitlists at reputable centers mean you may have to wait months for a placement, complicating your ability to start a job immediately.
  • School Zoning Pressures: If your preschooler is close to turning five, they can technically start primary school right on their fifth birthday. However, the best public schools are tightly restricted by geographic enrollment zones. Finding an affordable rental inside a highly rated school zone adds heavy logistical stress to your initial relocation phase.

Financial Setup & High Cost of Living

  • The "Dual-Income" Necessity: Due to high inflation, expensive groceries, and steep utility rates, surviving comfortably on a single income while you look for work is exceedingly difficult.
  • Stiff Housing Markets: Rent absorbs a substantial portion of local wages. Furthermore, if you are looking to purchase a home upon arrival, note that while your partner can do so as a citizen, you may face restrictions or complex paperwork depending on your specific visa status during the initial transition period.
  • The "Catch-22" of Stand Down Periods: Returning citizens and their immediate family members face strict residency and wait-time requirements before qualifying for domestic social security, unemployment benefits, or temporary financial aid from Work and Income NZ. You will need a robust emergency fund to cover your family's baseline expenses during the job hunt.

Visa Dependencies & Processing Wait Times

  • Partnership Visa Processing Overheads: Even with a shared child and a citizen partner, your legal right to work is contingent on securing an explicit partnership-based visa from Immigration New Zealand. Proving a "genuine and stable relationship" requires significant documentation (shared leases, joint bank histories, birth certificates). Delays in visa processing can legally bar you from accepting an urgent job offer.

To help narrow down the advice, could you share what industry you work in and whether you have a financial buffer to cover upfront housing and childcare costs while job hunting?

Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026