Evidence · Immigration

Immigration: questions, answers and evidence

Read all 797 original answers and the tables behind the findings. The 27 missing answers are from the China comparison on three platforms.

questions
143
captured answers
797
missing responses
27
answers collected
15–20 October 2026

01

Every question, with its answers

Each question was written as a voter would ask it and went to all four assistants. Some were also asked from a town. Open a question to read every answer to it in full.

Showing 20 of 143 questions

02

The tables behind the study

Every figure on the study page comes from these tables. They are CSV files, which open in any spreadsheet.

  • Complete AI answers

    answers.csv

    One complete original answer, with the question, platform, country setting and migrant profile.

    question_id, surface_code, location_ref, result_id, prompt_id, platform, scan_id, collection_panel, question_text, response_text

  • The questions we asked

    question-catalogue.csv

    One question with the migrant profile, wording and purpose.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

  • Planned questions, platforms and countries

    execution-assignments.csv

    One question, platform and country we planned to collect an answer from.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

  • The 27 missing answers

    missing-cells.csv

    One expected answer that was not collected.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

  • Locations named for each migrant profile

    location-by-persona.csv

    How often a place was named in the twelve New Zealand answers for each migrant profile.

    persona, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles, wording_count, surface_count

  • Locations named across question wordings

    location-by-wording.csv

    One profile, platform and place, showing which versions of the question led to an answer naming the place.

    persona, surface, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles

  • Locations named by collection country

    location-by-region.csv

    One place and country setting; the China comparison has nine answers on Google AI Mode only.

    region, place, answers, denominator, surfaces

  • Eight countries on Google AI Mode

    location-ai-mode-eight-regions.csv

    One place and country across the same nine questions on Google AI Mode.

    region, place, answers, denominator

  • Matched local and overseas answers

    matched-region-answer-pairs.csv

    A New Zealand answer alongside the same question and platform using another country setting.

    region, surface, persona, question_id, result_id, nz_result_id, same_place_set, jaccard, added_names, omitted_names

  • Topics explicitly raised in the answers

    signals-by-output-platform.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by topic and platform.

    output, surface, signal, answers, denominator

  • Topics raised for each migrant profile

    signals-by-persona-output.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by migrant profile and topic.

    output, persona, signal, answers, denominator

  • Website addresses in captured answers

    captured-answer-links.csv

    Web addresses saved in the original answers, with image and file links identified.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, url, domain, host_class, image_or_asset

  • Extra table: links excluding images and files

    captured-links-by-platform.csv

    One platform across the same 143 New Zealand questions. The table excludes image and file links; the main Sources section counts those links.

    surface, denominator, answers_with_links, answers_with_govt_links

  • Captured answer lengths

    platform-answer-length.csv

    One platform across the same 143 local questions.

    surface, answers, median_words, mean_words

  • Recorded websites by answer

    sources-by-answer.csv

    Each website recorded as a source for an answer, with the page addresses and number of statements linked to the website.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, publisher, claim_count, source_urls

  • Recorded sources and their original claims

    source-claim-ledger.csv

    Sources attached to individual statements, with the original answer, quotation and source passage.

    narrative_id, claim_id, question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, url, source_passage, claim_quote, quote_exact

  • Answers with sources and answers with links

    source-answer-coverage.csv

    Each New Zealand answer, showing whether sources were recorded and whether the answer text contains a web link.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, associated_websites, had_sources, literal_url_answer

  • Website publisher classifications

    source-publisher-classification.csv

    Each website, the type of organisation behind the website and the reason for the category. Unconfirmed types remain Other.

    domain, publisher, basis, source

  • Tone toward each place

    place-sentiment-ledger.csv

    One named place in one answer, with the positive, neutral, negative or mixed label, supporting passages and reason. All 108 New Zealand answers about where to live were reviewed.

    result_id, question_id, prompt_id, persona, assistant, region, place, stance, paragraph_numbers, supporting_passages, display_passage, reason, answer_sha256, reviewed_on

  • Facts supplied in each question

    prompt-reporting-eligibility.csv

    Every question, with corrected descriptions of the facts stated and limits on interpreting its answers.

    question_id, reviewed_on, prompt_sha256, original_stated_facts, corrected_stated_facts, metadata_changed, destination_explicit, descriptive_counts_included, interpretation_rule

  • Sources across question styles

    source-wording-incidence.csv

    One website, profile, topic and platform, with answer totals, question styles and the original answer references.

    persona, output, surface, domain, answers_with_source, eligible_answers, wording_styles_with_source, eligible_wording_styles, observed_styles, eligible_styles, answer_ids, by_style

  • Questions with corrected fact descriptions

    question-catalogue-reviewed.csv

    The unchanged original question text with fact descriptions reviewed on 28 October 2026.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

  • Statements checked against official sources

    statement-checks.csv

    One checked statement, with its exact passage, verdict, official source, review date and original answer reference.

    check_id, measure_id, question_checked, result_id, prompt_id, question_id, persona, assistant, wording, exact_statement, verdict, what_the_source_says, source_name, source_url, checked_on, answer_sha256

  • Policy questions covered by the checks

    statement-measures.csv

    One policy question, showing checked statements, original answers and the question wordings represented.

    measure_id, question_checked, checked_statements, distinct_answers, wording_styles_with_checked_assertions, wording_styles, answer_ids, question_ids, scope

Use the question and answer numbers to follow the evidence between tables. Locations named in warnings and comparisons count. Sources attached to an answer and web links in the answer text are counted separately.

03

The reviewed evidence

We read all 108 New Zealand answers about where to live to assess the tone toward each named place. A separate selection of 41 answers explores practical advice and contrasts across topics. The original policy checks were made on 22 October and expanded on 28 October 2026; verdicts cover selected statements, not every answer.

ChatGPT · New Zealand country setting

My New Zealand partner and I are considering moving back with our preschool child, and I'd be looking for work after we arrive. What might make New Zealand a bad fit for me?

New Zealand could be a wonderful place to raise your preschooler, especially when you already have a New Zealand partner and potentially a family support network there. But moving back can be harder than it looks, particularly if you're arriving with a young child and need to find work after you land.

The biggest risk is that you might be moving for a better family life but finding that the financial pressure, job market or day-to-day lifestyle makes life harder than you expected.

I'd look at the potential downsides in six areas: employment, income, housing, childcare, career prospects and the lifestyle you would actually experience.

1. Finding a job could take longer than you expect

This would be my first concern, because you'd be moving before securing employment.

New Zealand's labour market has been relatively soft: the unemployment rate was 5.6% in the June 2026 quarter, with 171,000 people unemployed. That doesn't mean you won't find work, but it does mean you shouldn't assume you'll quickly walk into a suitable job. Unemployment rateLabour market statistics: June 2026 quarter

Potential drawbacks include:

  • A smaller job market. There are fewer employers in many specialist fields, so you may have fewer roles to choose from.
  • A salary reset. Your experience might not translate into the same salary or seniority you'd command overseas.
  • Local experience expectations. Some employers favour candidates with New Zealand references, qualifications or knowledge of local regulations.
  • Limited flexibility. If you need part-time hours, remote work or school-hours-only employment, the pool of suitable jobs gets smaller.

The risk is especially high if you work in a niche industry, have a senior-level career, or need to earn a particular salary to make the move worthwhile.

I'd be cautious about moving first and job-hunting later unless your household can comfortably manage several months on one income.

2. Your household might have less disposable income than expected

New Zealand's appeal isn't necessarily its earning potential. It may be the lifestyle you can build on the income you have.

But if your partner is the only earner initially, you'll need to test whether that income covers housing, food, transport, utilities, childcare and savings.

The national average hourly earnings figure was around $44.62 in June 2026, but that's an economy-wide average, not a realistic forecast for your particular job. Labour market statistics: June 2026 quarter

Common sources of financial disappointment include:

  • Lower salaries than you earned overseas.
  • High grocery, electricity and vehicle costs relative to income.
  • Expensive housing, particularly if you need a family-sized home.
  • Less money left over for travel, restaurants, hobbies and savings than you'd hoped.

New Zealand's own immigration guidance notes that housing costs vary considerably by region and that renting commonly involves paying a bond of up to four weeks' rent. Cost of living in New Zealand :: Immigration New Zealand

A warning sign: the move only works financially if you find a job quickly, at your ideal salary, and your partner's income covers everything until then.

3. Childcare could make returning to work complicated

With a preschooler, finding a job is only half the equation. You also need reliable care that fits your working hours.

New Zealand has 20 Hours ECE funding for eligible children aged three to five at participating services, but it doesn't automatically mean every hour of childcare is free. Services may charge for additional hours or optional items, and availability and opening hours vary.

Things that could make this difficult:

  • Your preferred early childhood centre has a waiting list.
  • The available hours don't match a full-time job.
  • You need extended-day care, school-holiday care or backup care when your child is sick.
  • You have little family support nearby, so you and your partner must handle every pickup, illness and schedule disruption yourselves.

The calculation gets harder if your first job pays modestly and childcare, commuting and other work-related costs eat into your take-home pay.

Before moving, I'd investigate actual childcare options in the area where you'd live, rather than relying on the general availability of ECE funding.

4. You could find the career opportunities limiting

This is a different issue from finding any job.

New Zealand may be a poor fit if you want rapid promotions, a wide choice of employers, highly specialised roles, or a career in a sector where the local industry is small.

For example, you might find that:

  • There are only a handful of employers offering the role you want.
  • Senior roles come up infrequently.
  • Changing employers means moving to another part of the country.
  • Your international experience is valued, but the salary on offer is lower than expected.
  • You have to compromise on job level or work that you find interesting.

On the other hand, if you're in a profession with strong local demand, can work remotely for an overseas employer, or value flexibility over climbing the career ladder, this may matter much less.

The key question isn't just, "Can I get a job in New Zealand?" It's "Can I build the kind of working life I want there?"

5. The lifestyle may be less convenient than you imagine

New Zealand has genuine advantages: access to nature, outdoor activities, a relatively informal culture and the possibility of a less hectic family life. But those advantages don't suit everyone.

New Zealand might feel limiting if you enjoy:

  • Big-city variety: a wide range of restaurants, cultural events, shopping, nightlife and international communities.
  • Easy international travel: trips to Europe, North America and many other destinations generally take considerable time and money.
  • Convenience: depending on where you live, you may need a car for commuting, childcare, shopping and family activities.
  • Warm, dry housing: some homes can be cold, damp or poorly insulated, so the condition of the particular property matters.
  • A large social network: if your partner has family in New Zealand but you don't, you could feel isolated while adjusting and job-hunting.

The last point matters especially with a preschooler. If your partner has an established social life and you are at home with your child while applying for jobs, your experience of the move could be quite different from theirs.

6. You might not get the family support you are counting on

Having a New Zealand partner can make a return move much easier, but it doesn't necessarily mean you'll have practical support.

Ask yourselves:

  • Will relatives genuinely be available to help with childcare, or will they mostly be available for occasional visits?
  • Will you be moving near them, or somewhere with better employment prospects?
  • If your child is ill and you have an important meeting, who can help?
  • If you're unhappy or struggling to find work, will you have friends and activities of your own?

A move can be excellent for your partner and child while still leaving you feeling that you've given up your own career, independence or community.

That's not a reason not to move. It's a reason to make sure that your life in New Zealand is being planned just as deliberately as your family's life.

When New Zealand is most likely to be a bad fit

I'd be particularly cautious if several of these describe you:

I need to earn a high salary or match my current overseas income.

My profession has few employers or limited opportunities in New Zealand.

We would struggle financially if I were unemployed for six months.

I want rapid career progression or a large, competitive job market.

I would have little personal support while caring for my preschooler.

I value big-city amenities, frequent international travel or a high-consumption lifestyle.

0 of 6 potential warning signs selected

Select any statements that sound like you to identify the main risks to investigate.

How I'd reduce the risk before moving

I'd prioritise four practical steps:

  1. Test the job market first. Search current vacancies in your profession, speak to recruiters, and apply for roles from overseas if possible. Find out what employers would actually pay you, not just what salary websites suggest.
  2. Run a one-income budget. Work out whether your partner's income could cover your household costs for six months, including the cost of moving, setting up a home and maintaining an emergency fund.
  3. Check childcare availability. Identify suitable centres, their fees, their hours and whether they have spaces available around your likely arrival date.
  4. Set a fallback plan together. Agree on what you'd do if you hadn't found work after three or six months, or if the lifestyle wasn't what you expected.

For reference, the official New Zealand cost-of-living guide and 20 Hours ECE information are useful starting points. Cost of living in New Zealand :: Immigration New Zealand20 hours funding for early childhood education

The most important question for your situation

I wouldn't want to tell you that New Zealand is a good or bad fit without knowing what you'd be giving up to move there. Your career, current country and financial position could change the answer substantially.

What country are you living in now, and what kind of work do you do (or want to do when you move)?

With those two details, I can give you a much more candid comparison of what you might lose by moving to New Zealand, particularly in terms of salary, job prospects and family life.

Ask anything

ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Gemini · New Zealand country setting

My New Zealand partner and I are considering moving back with our preschool child, and I'd be looking for work after we arrive. What might make New Zealand a bad fit for me?

Moving back to New Zealand with a preschooler and re-entering the workforce is a major life transition. While the lifestyle, natural environment, and proximity to family are strong draws, New Zealand presents some distinct structural challenges that catch returning Kiwis and their partners off guard.

Evaluating the potential friction points can help you decide if the reality aligns with your expectations.


1. High Cost of Living Relative to Local Salaries

One of the most common shocks for returnees is the gap between everyday expenses and local wages.

  • Wages vs. OECD Peers: New Zealand salaries—particularly in professional and administrative fields—tend to lag significantly behind those in Australia, the UK, North America, and parts of the EU, while income tax brackets and consumption taxes (like the 15% GST) remain high.
  • Housing Costs: Renting or buying property in major hubs (Auckland, Wellington, or Tauranga, and increasingly regional centers) consumes a massive portion of household income.
  • Import and Energy Costs: Because of New Zealand's geographic isolation, imported goods, electronics, cars, and appliances are expensive. Heating older, poorly insulated Kiwi homes during winter can also drive up electricity bills unexpectedly.

2. Preschool and Childcare Realities

Raising a preschooler involves navigating a system that differs significantly from North American, European, or Australian models.

  • ECE Subsidies and Rules: The 20 Hours ECE (Early Childhood Education) government subsidy applies to children aged 3 to 5, but it only covers up to 6 hours per day for a maximum of 20 hours a week. Many centers charge "optional charges" or don't cover full working days, meaning out-of-pocket top-up costs can still be substantial.
  • Under-3 Care: For children under three, government subsidies are minimal, and formal daycare spots can have long waitlists and high hourly fees, making the financial viability of returning to work immediately worth calculating carefully.

3. The Job Market Constraints

Re-entering the workforce from overseas can take longer than anticipated.

  • "Local Experience" Bias: Despite having robust international credentials, many employers in New Zealand heavily value local industry networks and understanding of local regulatory frameworks. Breaking into the market can require patience.
  • Smaller Corporate Scale: Because the economy is dominated by small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs), there are fewer large multinational corporate structures, which can mean fewer lateral career moves, flatter organizational structures, and a narrower band of specialized roles.

4. Isolation and Infrastructure

  • Geographic Remoteness: If your partner is from overseas, or if you have grown accustomed to easy, affordable international travel to other continents, New Zealand's sheer distance from the rest of the world can feel isolating ("the tyranny of distance"). Flight costs out of the country are notoriously high.
  • Infrastructure and Public Transit: Outside of central Auckland and Wellington, public transport networks are limited. Owning at least one car—often two—is practically mandatory for family life, juggling preschool drop-offs, and commuting.
  • Healthcare Pressures: While public healthcare covers core needs, the public hospital system experiences waitlist pressures for elective procedures and specialist care, leading many residents to purchase private health insurance.

Ask Gemini

Gemini is AI and can make mistakes.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Google AI Mode · New Zealand country setting

My New Zealand partner and I are considering moving back with our preschool child, and I'd be looking for work after we arrive. What might make New Zealand a bad fit for me?

Moving back to New Zealand with a young family is a major transition, and while the lifestyle appeals to many, it can be a difficult fit—particularly for an incoming partner who doesn't have an established local network or job waiting for them.

New Zealand might be a challenging or poor fit for you if any of the following economic and cultural realities resonate with your situation:

  • The Wage-to-Cost-of-Living Squeeze: New Zealand is known for relatively flatlining wage growth paired with a high cost of living. Salaries across many professional sectors lag significantly behind countries like Australia, the UK, or the US, while everyday expenses—like groceries, fuel, power, and building materials—remain stubbornly high due to a lack of market competition.

  • Job Market Realities for Newcomers: Entering the local job market from overseas can be tougher than expected. New Zealand has a small, tightly networked economy where "who you know" often carries heavy weight. If you are in a specialized industry, you may find fewer corporate or institutional options, longer hiring cycles, and a preference among some employers for local experience.

  • The "Invisible" Isolation and Weather: While the scenery is stunning, New Zealand is geographically isolated. Long-haul travel out of the country is expensive and time-consuming. Furthermore, much of the housing stock is historically under-insulated, damp, and lacks central heating, meaning winters (even mild ones) can feel surprisingly cold and indoor comfort can require a financial investment to upgrade.

  • Building a Social Support Network from Scratch: For your partner, coming home means reconnecting with family and old friends. For you, it means starting from zero. Building a deep, reliable circle of friends as an adult with a preschooler takes time, and without family or local roots of your own, the emotional weight of childcare and settling in can disproportionately fall on you.

  • Sub-optimal Scaling for Preschool/Early Childhood: While early childhood education (ECE) is subsidized for up to 20 hours a week for children over three, navigating waitlists, variable quality in private centers, and structuring work hours around early closing times (many centers close by 5:00 PM or 5:30 PM) can place a sudden ceiling on your career flexibility if you don't have grandparents nearby for backup.

If you'd like to narrow this down, let me know:

  • What industry or field is your background in?
  • Where are you moving from?

I can share a more tailored look at how your specific sector compares or what the transition looks like from your current home.

Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026

AI Overviews · New Zealand country setting

My New Zealand partner and I are considering moving back with our preschool child, and I'd be looking for work after we arrive. What might make New Zealand a bad fit for me?

AI Overview

Returning to New Zealand with a family is an exciting step, but it is important to weigh the structural and cultural realities of the country to ensure it aligns with your lifestyle expectations.

New Zealand might be a bad fit for you if you are sensitive to a high cost of living relative to local wages, rely on highly specialized or niche career markets, prefer central heating and insulated housing, or struggle with geographic isolation from the rest of the world.

Here is a breakdown of the specific challenges you may face as a professional and a parent moving to New Zealand:

💼 Career & Job Market Challenges

  • The "Kiwi Experience" Paradox: Many expats find that New Zealand employers heavily favor candidates who have prior local work experience. Breaking into the job market can initially feel slow or require taking a temporary step backward in seniority.
  • Lower Relative Wages: Compared to major economies like the US, Australia, or parts of Europe, wages in New Zealand are generally lower, while the cost of goods remains high.
  • Niche Market Limitations: If your career is in a highly specialized field (e.g., specific sub-sectors of tech, corporate finance, or heavy industry), the market is small. You may find fewer open roles, less upward mobility, and fewer companies competing for your talent.

🏡 Cost of Living & Quality of Life Trade-offs

  • High Cost of Living: New Zealand is an island nation reliant on imports, meaning everyday items—grocery bills, fuel, utilities, and consumer goods—can be surprisingly expensive.
  • Housing Quality: While New Zealand has made strides with newer building codes, much of the existing housing stock is older, poorly insulated, and lacks central heating. It is common for houses to feel damp or cold in the winter compared to international standards.
  • Geographic Isolation: Traveling to see extended family or friends overseas is incredibly time-consuming and expensive. This "distance tax" can make it difficult to maintain close ties outside of the South Pacific.

🧒 Considerations for Your Preschool Child

  • Childcare Costs: Early Childhood Education (ECE) is heavily subsidized for up to 20 hours a week once a child turns three, but before that age, or for full-time care, childcare fees can eat up a significant portion of a second income.
  • Health System Wait Times: While accident care via the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) is world-class and healthcare is generally accessible, the public healthcare system suffers from long waitlists for non-emergency or elective procedures. Many families choose to buy private health insurance to bypass these delays.

To help me give you more relevant insights, what industry or field do you work in, and what country or region are you moving from?

Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026