Search studies, brands and more…⌘ KExplore research

Evidence · Immigration

Immigration: questions, answers and evidence

Read all 797 original answers and the tables behind the findings. The 27 missing answers are from the China comparison on three platforms.

questions
143
captured answers
797
missing responses
27
answers collected
15–20 October 2026

01

Every question, with its answers

Each question was written as a voter would ask it and went to all four assistants. Some were also asked from a town. Open a question to read every answer to it in full.

Showing 20 of 143 questions

Show all 143

02

The tables behind the study

Every figure on the study page comes from these tables. They are CSV files, which open in any spreadsheet.

  • Complete AI answers

    answers.csv

    One complete original answer, with the question, platform, country setting and migrant profile.

    question_id, surface_code, location_ref, result_id, prompt_id, platform, scan_id, collection_panel, question_text, response_text

    797rows

    Download complete ai answers (CSV)

  • The questions we asked

    question-catalogue.csv

    One question with the migrant profile, wording and purpose.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

    143rows

    Download the questions we asked (CSV)

  • Planned questions, platforms and countries

    execution-assignments.csv

    One question, platform and country we planned to collect an answer from.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

    824rows

    Download planned questions, platforms and countries (CSV)

  • The 27 missing answers

    missing-cells.csv

    One expected answer that was not collected.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

    27rows

    Download the 27 missing answers (CSV)

  • Locations named for each migrant profile

    location-by-persona.csv

    How often a place was named in the twelve New Zealand answers for each migrant profile.

    persona, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles, wording_count, surface_count

    342rows

    Download locations named for each migrant profile (CSV)

  • Locations named across question wordings

    location-by-wording.csv

    One profile, platform and place, showing which versions of the question led to an answer naming the place.

    persona, surface, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles

    1,368rows

    Download locations named across question wordings (CSV)

  • Locations named by collection country

    location-by-region.csv

    One place and country setting; the China comparison has nine answers on Google AI Mode only.

    region, place, answers, denominator, surfaces

    304rows

    Download locations named by collection country (CSV)

  • Eight countries on Google AI Mode

    location-ai-mode-eight-regions.csv

    One place and country across the same nine questions on Google AI Mode.

    region, place, answers, denominator

    304rows

    Download eight countries on google ai mode (CSV)

  • Matched local and overseas answers

    matched-region-answer-pairs.csv

    A New Zealand answer alongside the same question and platform using another country setting.

    region, surface, persona, question_id, result_id, nz_result_id, same_place_set, jaccard, added_names, omitted_names

    261rows

    Download matched local and overseas answers (CSV)

  • Topics explicitly raised in the answers

    signals-by-output-platform.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by topic and platform.

    output, surface, signal, answers, denominator

    1,120rows

    Download topics explicitly raised in the answers (CSV)

  • Topics raised for each migrant profile

    signals-by-persona-output.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by migrant profile and topic.

    output, persona, signal, answers, denominator

    1,876rows

    Download topics raised for each migrant profile (CSV)

  • Website addresses in captured answers

    captured-answer-links.csv

    Web addresses saved in the original answers, with image and file links identified.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, url, domain, host_class, image_or_asset

    2,003rows

    Download website addresses in captured answers (CSV)

  • Extra table: links excluding images and files

    captured-links-by-platform.csv

    One platform across the same 143 New Zealand questions. The table excludes image and file links; the main Sources section counts those links.

    surface, denominator, answers_with_links, answers_with_govt_links

    4rows

    Download extra table: links excluding images and files (CSV)

  • Captured answer lengths

    platform-answer-length.csv

    One platform across the same 143 local questions.

    surface, answers, median_words, mean_words

    4rows

    Download captured answer lengths (CSV)

  • Recorded websites by answer

    sources-by-answer.csv

    Each website recorded as a source for an answer, with the page addresses and number of statements linked to the website.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, publisher, claim_count, source_urls

    1,462rows

    Download recorded websites by answer (CSV)

  • Recorded sources and their original claims

    source-claim-ledger.csv

    Sources attached to individual statements, with the original answer, quotation and source passage.

    narrative_id, claim_id, question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, url, source_passage, claim_quote, quote_exact

    3,105rows

    Download recorded sources and their original claims (CSV)

  • Answers with sources and answers with links

    source-answer-coverage.csv

    Each New Zealand answer, showing whether sources were recorded and whether the answer text contains a web link.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, associated_websites, had_sources, literal_url_answer

    572rows

    Download answers with sources and answers with links (CSV)

  • Website publisher classifications

    source-publisher-classification.csv

    Each website, the type of organisation behind the website and the reason for the category. Unconfirmed types remain Other.

    domain, publisher, basis, source

    332rows

    Download website publisher classifications (CSV)

  • Tone toward each place

    place-sentiment-ledger.csv

    One named place in one answer, with the positive, neutral, negative or mixed label, supporting passages and reason. All 108 New Zealand answers about where to live were reviewed.

    result_id, question_id, prompt_id, persona, assistant, region, place, stance, paragraph_numbers, supporting_passages, display_passage, reason, answer_sha256, reviewed_on

    630rows

    Download tone toward each place (CSV)

  • Facts supplied in each question

    prompt-reporting-eligibility.csv

    Every question, with corrected descriptions of the facts stated and limits on interpreting its answers.

    question_id, reviewed_on, prompt_sha256, original_stated_facts, corrected_stated_facts, metadata_changed, destination_explicit, descriptive_counts_included, interpretation_rule

    143rows

    Download facts supplied in each question (CSV)

  • Sources across question styles

    source-wording-incidence.csv

    One website, profile, topic and platform, with answer totals, question styles and the original answer references.

    persona, output, surface, domain, answers_with_source, eligible_answers, wording_styles_with_source, eligible_wording_styles, observed_styles, eligible_styles, answer_ids, by_style

    2,144rows

    Download sources across question styles (CSV)

  • Questions with corrected fact descriptions

    question-catalogue-reviewed.csv

    The unchanged original question text with fact descriptions reviewed on 28 October 2026.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

    143rows

    Download questions with corrected fact descriptions (CSV)

  • Statements checked against official sources

    statement-checks.csv

    One checked statement, with its exact passage, verdict, official source, review date and original answer reference.

    check_id, measure_id, question_checked, result_id, prompt_id, question_id, persona, assistant, wording, exact_statement, verdict, what_the_source_says, source_name, source_url, checked_on, answer_sha256

    47rows

    Download statements checked against official sources (CSV)

  • Policy questions covered by the checks

    statement-measures.csv

    One policy question, showing checked statements, original answers and the question wordings represented.

    measure_id, question_checked, checked_statements, distinct_answers, wording_styles_with_checked_assertions, wording_styles, answer_ids, question_ids, scope

    27rows

    Download policy questions covered by the checks (CSV)

Use the question and answer numbers to follow the evidence between tables. Locations named in warnings and comparisons count. Sources attached to an answer and web links in the answer text are counted separately.

03

The reviewed evidence

We read all 108 New Zealand answers about where to live to assess the tone toward each named place. A separate selection of 41 answers explores practical advice and contrasts across topics. The original policy checks were made on 22 October and expanded on 28 October 2026; verdicts cover selected statements, not every answer.

ChatGPT · New Zealand country setting

My partner and I are thinking of moving so I can buy or run a business, but we haven't chosen an industry yet. Which parts of New Zealand should we investigate first?

Where in New Zealand should you look to buy or run a business?

If you and your partner are open to different industries, I'd investigate regional business hubs rather than choosing a city based on lifestyle alone. The best place to buy or run a business depends on where there is reliable customer demand, what existing businesses are available to purchase, how much competition there is, and whether you can afford to live comfortably while the business grows.

My starting recommendation would be to compare five parts of New Zealand: Waikato, Canterbury, the Bay of Plenty, Manawatū–Whanganui, and Otago. I'd also investigate Northland if you're interested in tourism, trades, or businesses serving local communities.

Five regions I'd investigate first

1. Waikato

Hamilton and surrounding towns

Best all-round starting point

  • Industries to investigate: trades, electrical and plumbing services, transport, business-to-business services, healthcare support, and food-related businesses.
  • Why look here: Hamilton is a regional service hub, with surrounding rural and provincial markets that can support businesses beyond the city itself.
  • Potential advantage: a broad customer base without needing to operate in Auckland.
  • Watch out for: competition from established operators and the importance of choosing the right town or customer catchment.

2. Canterbury

Christchurch and nearby towns

Best for a broad range of business models

  • Industries to investigate: construction-related services, manufacturing, logistics, specialist trades, professional services, and businesses supporting agriculture.
  • Why look here: Christchurch is a substantial urban market, while the wider region has agricultural, industrial, and distribution activity.
  • Potential advantage: you can investigate both city-based service businesses and businesses serving regional customers.
  • Watch out for: higher operating costs in some locations and the capital investment required for industrial businesses.

3. Bay of Plenty

Tauranga, Mount Maunganui and Te Puke

Best for growth-oriented services and lifestyle businesses

  • Industries to investigate: horticulture services, transport, property maintenance, trades, tourism, and hospitality.
  • Why look here: the region combines urban growth, a major port, and a significant horticultural sector.
  • Potential advantage: opportunities to serve residential customers as well as commercial and primary-sector clients.
  • Watch out for: property and staffing costs, seasonality in some industries, and tourism businesses that depend on discretionary spending.

4. Manawatū–Whanganui

Palmerston North, Feilding and Whanganui

Best for investigating lower-overhead operations

  • Industries to investigate: agricultural services, fleet and equipment maintenance, transport, trade services, and essential local services.
  • Why look here: the region connects provincial communities with farming, logistics, education, and health-related activity.
  • Potential advantage: smaller markets may offer more manageable operating costs than the largest centres.
  • Watch out for: a smaller customer pool in some towns. A low purchase price is not attractive if the business cannot generate enough cash flow.

5. Otago

Dunedin, Queenstown and Central Otago

Best for comparing distinct business markets

  • Industries to investigate: tourism, accommodation, trades, property services, food businesses, and specialist services.
  • Why look here: Dunedin offers a university and healthcare-linked urban market; Queenstown and Central Otago have strong visitor-economy exposure alongside other local demand.
  • Potential advantage: several quite different business models within one broad region.
  • Watch out for: Queenstown's property and staffing pressures, tourism seasonality, and differences between the visitor economy and year-round local demand.

These are initial hypotheses to investigate, not a ranking based on verified current business-sale prices or profitability. A specific town and business can matter far more than the region's overall reputation.

What the latest regional picture suggests

There is some useful evidence behind putting Canterbury and Waikato near the top of your research list:

I'd also keep an open mind about Taranaki, Nelson–Tasman and Southland. The regions with the best opportunities for you may not be the largest: a smaller market with a strong niche and an established, well-run business can be more attractive than a rapidly growing region with expensive premises and fierce competition.

You can compare regional employment, economic activity and industry specialisations using the government's Regional Economic Activity tool and explore investment strengths through Invest New Zealand's regional guides. Regional economic activity reportInvestment opportunities in NZ's regions

What kind of business should you look for in each region?

Rather than picking an industry immediately, I'd investigate three different business models:

  1. Essential service businesses

Examples: plumbing, electrical services, commercial cleaning, pest control, equipment servicing and property maintenance.

These are worth exploring in Waikato, Canterbury and Manawatū–Whanganui because customers may need them regardless of tourism trends. Look for repeat customers, reliable staff and limited dependence on the owner personally doing all the work.

  1. Business-to-business and regional supply businesses

Examples: specialist transport, industrial supplies, agricultural services, packaging, food production and equipment repair.

Investigate Canterbury and Waikato first, then compare Taranaki and Southland if you are comfortable with industry-specific customers and potentially more specialised operations.

  1. Customer-facing local businesses

Examples: niche retail, laundromats, service franchises, small hospitality businesses and tourism operators.

These could suit a hands-on owner-operator, but assess the lease, wages, opening hours, seasonality and actual owner earnings carefully. Bay of Plenty, Otago and selected provincial towns are worth comparing.

One important distinction: buying an existing business is not the same as starting one. If you plan to buy, investigate regions where there are enough suitable businesses for sale at your budget, and focus on the quality of their earnings, not just the asking price.

How I'd narrow the search before you move

I'd use this process over the next four to six weeks.

  1. Set your financial limits. Decide how much you can invest, how much debt you would accept, and how much household income you need from the business.
  2. Compare businesses for sale across three regions. Look for businesses that match your budget, even if they aren't in your preferred industry yet.
  3. Test the earnings. Ask for financial statements, tax records, customer concentration, staff costs, lease obligations and the owner's actual working hours. Get an independent accountant to review the numbers.
  4. Visit the strongest locations. Talk to commercial property agents, business brokers, local business owners and economic development agencies.
  5. Move only when the opportunity justifies it. You can shortlist regions before committing to a house move.

Let's make this specific to you both

The two details that would most change my recommendation are your investment budget and how hands-on you want to be. For example, a modest budget for a business you operate yourselves leads to a very different search from a larger budget for a manager-run company.

With those answers, I'd narrow the initial five regions down to a shortlist of two or three and focus on the types of businesses that offer the best fit for your finances and the life you want to build together.

Ask anything

ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Gemini · New Zealand country setting

My partner and I are thinking of moving so I can buy or run a business, but we haven't chosen an industry yet. Which parts of New Zealand should we investigate first?

When looking to move and buy or run a business in New Zealand without a pre-chosen industry, the best approach is to evaluate regions based on their economic scale, lifestyle dynamics, and specific regional strengths. Because New Zealand's regions vary significantly in population density and industry focus, looking into a mix of major economic hubs and dynamic regional centers is a strong starting point.

1. Major Urban and Commercial Hubs

If you want deep consumer markets, a large labor pool, robust professional services, and high-innovation ecosystems, the primary urban centers should be investigated first:

  • The Main Commercial Center: Offers the largest domestic market in the country, diverse consumer segments, high concentrations of professional services, and a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem spanning retail, tech, hospitality, and import/export.
  • The Capital Region: Combines government and corporate headquarters with a strong creative, tech, and café/hospitality culture. It suits businesses targeting professional niches, niche tourism, or B2B services.
  • The Major South Island Center: Features a resilient, rebuilt infrastructure base with strong strengths in engineering, manufacturing, agritech, and tourism access, acting as a gateway to the wider southern economy.

2. High-Growth Provincial and Regional Centres

If you are looking for lifestyle balance, lower operating overheads, and strong community-backed markets, New Zealand’s provincial regions offer distinct advantages depending on the path you choose:

  • The Upper North Island / Bay of Plenty / Waikato Regions: Characterized by strong primary production, horticulture, wood processing, and rapidly growing population corridors. These regions are ideal if you are looking at supply chain, manufacturing, regional tourism, or commercial services tied to expanding populations.
  • The Tourism and Lifestyle Hotspots (e.g., Lower South Island / Lakes Districts): Dominated by international and domestic tourism, adventure sports, hospitality, and viticulture. These areas are excellent if you want to run a lifestyle business, hospitality venue, or tourism-adjacent enterprise, though you must factor in seasonal economic shifts and higher local living costs.
  • The Provincial Heartlands (e.g., Manawatū-Whanganui, Taranaki, or Otago/Southland): Known for stable, community-driven economies anchored by agriculture, energy, or education. These areas often feature lower costs of commercial and residential real estate and strong local support networks for new business owners.

Next Steps for Your Investigation

Since you are still deciding on an industry, consider exploring these avenues to narrow down your focus:

  1. Leverage the Regional Business Partner (RBP) Network: New Zealand has a nationwide network (supported by agencies like New Zealand Trade and Enterprise and Callaghan Innovation) that helps connect business owners with local advisors, capability funding, and training.
  2. Examine Regional Economic Profiles: Tools like Infometrics or MBIE’s Regional Economic Activity tools let you look at GDP growth, employment trends, and thriving industries across different territorial authorities.
  3. Match Lifestyle to Enterprise: Consider whether you want a fast-paced urban consumer market, a tourism-centric seasonal lifestyle, or a tight-knit provincial community where a B2B or essential services business can become a cornerstone of the town.
Ask Gemini

Gemini is AI and can make mistakes.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Google AI Mode · New Zealand country setting

My partner and I are thinking of moving so I can buy or run a business, but we haven't chosen an industry yet. Which parts of New Zealand should we investigate first?

When you are looking to move and buy or start a business in New Zealand without a fixed industry in mind, your best approach is to evaluate regions based on economic momentum, population growth, cost of living/operation, and regional industry strengths.

You can cross-reference regional statistics through the MBIE Regional Economic Development portal or check localized business metrics on Infometrics Regional Economic Profiles.

Here are the key regions to investigate first, categorized by what they uniquely offer a prospective business owner:

  • The Waikato Region (centered around Hamilton):

  • Why investigate: It is one of New Zealand's fastest-growing sub-national economies, buoyed by a robust agricultural backbone, central logistics positioning (close proximity to Auckland , Tauranga port, and the central North Island), and a growing population.

  • Business angles: Lower commercial property and living costs than Auckland , strong tech/agritech support, and steady consumer demand in satellite growth towns (like Cambridge and Te Awamutu).

  • ** The Canterbury Region (centered around Christchurch):**

  • Why investigate: Christchurch offers a large, modern infrastructure footprint post-rebuild, lower overheads than the upper North Island, and a thriving innovation ecosystem spanning advanced manufacturing, engineering, agritech, and software.

  • Business angles Great for B2B, light manufacturing, import/export, or service-based enterprises needing resilient, cost-effective commercial space and a stable local economy.

  • The Bay of Plenty (Tauranga / Rotorua):

  • Why investigate: Tauranga is a massive economic engine anchored by the Port of Tauranga (New Zealand’s largest port by cargo volume), rapid population influx, and strong horticultural/export sectors.

  • Business angles: Logistics, marine services, tourism-adjacent ventures, or retail/hospitality servicing a growing coastal demographic.

  • The Manawatū-Whanganui Region (Palmerston North):

  • Why investigate: Palmerston North is a national distribution and logistics hub with a major tertiary and research footprint (Massey University). It has historically stable economic performance and very high housing and commercial affordability compared to main centers.

  • Business angles: Ideal for supply chain, logistics, light industrial, or professional services looking for a high-value, low-overhead operational base.

  • ** Auckland (for Scale) or the Regions (for Lifestyle & Niche):**

  • Why investigate: If you want absolute market depth, Auckland remains the economic heavyweight with access to the largest talent and consumer pool, though at a much higher cost of entry. Conversely, regional tourism/lifestyle hotspots (like Otago /Queenstown Lakes or Nelson /Tasman) offer built-in seasonal or high-net-worth consumer bases if you lean toward hospitality, tourism, or specialized trades. [equiti.co.nz]

To help narrow down which region or town fits best, tell me:

  • What is your approximate budget for purchasing or setting up the business?
  • Do you prefer a lifestyle change (smaller town/rural) or a major commercial center?
  • What professional backgrounds or skills do you and your partner bring to the table?
Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026

AI Overviews · New Zealand country setting

My partner and I are thinking of moving so I can buy or run a business, but we haven't chosen an industry yet. Which parts of New Zealand should we investigate first?

AI Overview

To determine where you and your partner should investigate first, you need to look at how different parts of New Zealand support distinct business ecosystems and lifestyles. Since you haven't chosen an industry yet, targeting regions with highly diverse economies or strong specialized sectors will give you the best foundation.

You should investigate the following areas of New Zealand first, grouped by their economic and strategic advantages:

💡 The Major Economic Hubs (Best for General Diversity)

If you want to keep your options entirely open across corporate services, tech, retail, hospitality, or specialized manufacturing, start with the largest commercial drivers.

  • ** The Upper North Island Hub :** This zone represents the largest consumer market in the country. It is the premier location for corporate headquarters, importing/exporting, technology startups, major retail chains, and logistics infrastructure.
  • The Central North Island Hub : Driven heavily by manufacturing, logistics, and agribusiness, this area offers excellent supply chain connectivity and a rapidly growing population, making it ideal for business-to-business (B2B) services and trade.
  • The Lower North Island Hub : As the political and cultural capital, this area thrives on government contracts, a massive professional services sector, digital technology, and a vibrant food and beverage scene.

🍏 The Agribusiness & Primary Sector Powerhouses (Best for Supply Chain & Export)

If you are considering industries tied to agriculture, food production, viticulture, or support services for these sectors, these areas lead the country:

  • The South Island Plains & Valleys: Famous for dairy, arable farming, and massive agricultural support industries, this region acts as a massive service hub for the entire South Island economy.
  • The Sunny Eastern & Northern Coasts: These areas are world-renowned for horticulture, viticulture (wine production), and forestry. They are ideal if you want to look into food processing, boutique tourism, or export-focused businesses.

🏔️ The Tourism & Lifestyle Capitals (Best for Hospitality & Service)

If you prefer a business model built around domestic and international visitors, outdoor recreation, or a high-amenity lifestyle, focus your search here:

  • The Southern Lakes & Alpine Zones: The absolute epicenter of New Zealand's international tourism. Businesses here revolve around hospitality, adventure tourism, luxury services, and property management.
  • The Coastal North Island Regions: These areas see massive influxes of domestic tourists, offering strong seasonal retail, hospitality, and lifestyle-oriented business opportunities.

🛠️ Next Steps for Your Business Search

Before you commit to a specific location, utilize official Kiwi business resources to narrow down your options:

  1. Check Regulatory Requirements: Visit Business.govt.nz to understand local business structures, tax obligations, and compliance.

  2. Evaluate Visa Pathways: If you are moving from overseas, look into the specific requirements for an Immigration New Zealand Entrepreneur Work Visa, which generally requires a minimum capital investment of NZD $100,000 and a detailed business plan.

  3. Browse Marketplaces: Check local business-for-sale portals like abcbusiness.co.nz or linkbusiness.co.nz to see what types of existing businesses are actively on the market in these areas.

To help narrow down these options, what is your approximate investment budget , and what kind of day-to-day lifestyle (e.g., bustling urban vs. quiet coastal/rural) do you and your partner prefer?

Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026