Evidence · Immigration

Immigration: questions, answers and evidence

Read all 797 original answers and the tables behind the findings. The 27 missing answers are from the China comparison on three platforms.

questions
143
captured answers
797
missing responses
27
answers collected
15–20 October 2026

01

Every question, with its answers

Each question was written as a voter would ask it and went to all four assistants. Some were also asked from a town. Open a question to read every answer to it in full.

Showing 20 of 143 questions

02

The tables behind the study

Every figure on the study page comes from these tables. They are CSV files, which open in any spreadsheet.

  • Complete AI answers

    answers.csv

    One complete original answer, with the question, platform, country setting and migrant profile.

    question_id, surface_code, location_ref, result_id, prompt_id, platform, scan_id, collection_panel, question_text, response_text

  • The questions we asked

    question-catalogue.csv

    One question with the migrant profile, wording and purpose.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

  • Planned questions, platforms and countries

    execution-assignments.csv

    One question, platform and country we planned to collect an answer from.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

  • The 27 missing answers

    missing-cells.csv

    One expected answer that was not collected.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

  • Locations named for each migrant profile

    location-by-persona.csv

    How often a place was named in the twelve New Zealand answers for each migrant profile.

    persona, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles, wording_count, surface_count

  • Locations named across question wordings

    location-by-wording.csv

    One profile, platform and place, showing which versions of the question led to an answer naming the place.

    persona, surface, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles

  • Locations named by collection country

    location-by-region.csv

    One place and country setting; the China comparison has nine answers on Google AI Mode only.

    region, place, answers, denominator, surfaces

  • Eight countries on Google AI Mode

    location-ai-mode-eight-regions.csv

    One place and country across the same nine questions on Google AI Mode.

    region, place, answers, denominator

  • Matched local and overseas answers

    matched-region-answer-pairs.csv

    A New Zealand answer alongside the same question and platform using another country setting.

    region, surface, persona, question_id, result_id, nz_result_id, same_place_set, jaccard, added_names, omitted_names

  • Topics explicitly raised in the answers

    signals-by-output-platform.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by topic and platform.

    output, surface, signal, answers, denominator

  • Topics raised for each migrant profile

    signals-by-persona-output.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by migrant profile and topic.

    output, persona, signal, answers, denominator

  • Website addresses in captured answers

    captured-answer-links.csv

    Web addresses saved in the original answers, with image and file links identified.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, url, domain, host_class, image_or_asset

  • Extra table: links excluding images and files

    captured-links-by-platform.csv

    One platform across the same 143 New Zealand questions. The table excludes image and file links; the main Sources section counts those links.

    surface, denominator, answers_with_links, answers_with_govt_links

  • Captured answer lengths

    platform-answer-length.csv

    One platform across the same 143 local questions.

    surface, answers, median_words, mean_words

  • Recorded websites by answer

    sources-by-answer.csv

    Each website recorded as a source for an answer, with the page addresses and number of statements linked to the website.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, publisher, claim_count, source_urls

  • Recorded sources and their original claims

    source-claim-ledger.csv

    Sources attached to individual statements, with the original answer, quotation and source passage.

    narrative_id, claim_id, question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, url, source_passage, claim_quote, quote_exact

  • Answers with sources and answers with links

    source-answer-coverage.csv

    Each New Zealand answer, showing whether sources were recorded and whether the answer text contains a web link.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, associated_websites, had_sources, literal_url_answer

  • Website publisher classifications

    source-publisher-classification.csv

    Each website, the type of organisation behind the website and the reason for the category. Unconfirmed types remain Other.

    domain, publisher, basis, source

  • Tone toward each place

    place-sentiment-ledger.csv

    One named place in one answer, with the positive, neutral, negative or mixed label, supporting passages and reason. All 108 New Zealand answers about where to live were reviewed.

    result_id, question_id, prompt_id, persona, assistant, region, place, stance, paragraph_numbers, supporting_passages, display_passage, reason, answer_sha256, reviewed_on

  • Facts supplied in each question

    prompt-reporting-eligibility.csv

    Every question, with corrected descriptions of the facts stated and limits on interpreting its answers.

    question_id, reviewed_on, prompt_sha256, original_stated_facts, corrected_stated_facts, metadata_changed, destination_explicit, descriptive_counts_included, interpretation_rule

  • Sources across question styles

    source-wording-incidence.csv

    One website, profile, topic and platform, with answer totals, question styles and the original answer references.

    persona, output, surface, domain, answers_with_source, eligible_answers, wording_styles_with_source, eligible_wording_styles, observed_styles, eligible_styles, answer_ids, by_style

  • Questions with corrected fact descriptions

    question-catalogue-reviewed.csv

    The unchanged original question text with fact descriptions reviewed on 28 October 2026.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

  • Statements checked against official sources

    statement-checks.csv

    One checked statement, with its exact passage, verdict, official source, review date and original answer reference.

    check_id, measure_id, question_checked, result_id, prompt_id, question_id, persona, assistant, wording, exact_statement, verdict, what_the_source_says, source_name, source_url, checked_on, answer_sha256

  • Policy questions covered by the checks

    statement-measures.csv

    One policy question, showing checked statements, original answers and the question wordings represented.

    measure_id, question_checked, checked_statements, distinct_answers, wording_styles_with_checked_assertions, wording_styles, answer_ids, question_ids, scope

Use the question and answer numbers to follow the evidence between tables. Locations named in warnings and comparisons count. Sources attached to an answer and web links in the answer text are counted separately.

03

The reviewed evidence

We read all 108 New Zealand answers about where to live to assess the tone toward each named place. A separate selection of 41 answers explores practical advice and contrasts across topics. The original policy checks were made on 22 October and expanded on 28 October 2026; verdicts cover selected statements, not every answer.

ChatGPT · New Zealand country setting

My partner is a New Zealand citizen, and we'd be moving back with our preschool child after living overseas. I'd need to find work after we arrive. Would moving to New Zealand make sense for me? What would be the main upsides and downsides?

Moving to New Zealand could make a lot of sense for your family, particularly because your partner is a New Zealand citizen and you're raising a preschool-aged child. But whether it's a good move for you personally will depend heavily on your right to work, your career prospects, the cost of raising a family, and how much financial breathing room you have while you look for a job.

I'd think about this as two separate questions: Would New Zealand be a good place for your family to live? And would moving there put you in a good position professionally and financially? The answers might be different.

The main upsides and downsides

Potential upsides

  • A sense of belonging and stability for your partner. Returning to your partner's home country may mean familiar systems, established relationships and a longer-term place to put down roots.
  • A family-friendly lifestyle. Access to beaches, parks, outdoor activities and nature can make family life appealing, especially with a young child.
  • A fresh start for your career. If your skills are in demand, you could build a local professional network and develop a career in a new market.
  • A potentially easier family support network. If your partner has close family or friends in New Zealand, practical help with childcare and settling in could make a huge difference.
  • A long-term home for your child. You may value growing up in New Zealand's environment, culture and education system.

Potential downsides

  • A difficult job search. The right role may take months to find, and your overseas experience or qualifications may not translate directly into local opportunities.
  • Housing and everyday expenses. Rent, childcare, groceries, transport and power can absorb a large share of your income.
  • Lower earning potential in some fields. Your salary might be lower than overseas, even if New Zealand offers a better lifestyle in other respects.
  • The pressure of starting over. You'll be building a professional network and social life while helping your child adjust to a new environment.
  • Distance from your existing support network. If your family and friends live overseas, you'll need to account for isolation and the cost of international travel.
  • A smaller job market. There may be fewer employers in your field, less room to change jobs and fewer specialist roles than in a larger country.

Three factors I'd check before deciding

1. Can you work, and how soon?

This is the first thing I'd settle before making plans. If you're not a New Zealand citizen or resident yourself, you may be able to apply for a partnership-based work visa.

Immigration New Zealand's Partner of a New Zealander Work Visa allows eligible applicants to work in New Zealand. The application requires evidence that you and your partner are living together in a genuine relationship, along with other eligibility requirements. The exact visa and timing depend on your circumstances. Partner of a New Zealander Work Visa » Immigration New ZealandPartnership and how to prove it :: Immigration New Zealand

I'd confirm your visa pathway before committing to a moving date, and check whether your occupation requires professional registration.

2. Can your family comfortably manage on one income initially?

I'd plan your finances around the possibility that you won't find a job immediately, rather than assuming you'll be employed within a few weeks.

Budget for:

  • Rent, bond and initial setup costs.
  • Groceries, utilities, transport and healthcare-related expenses.
  • Childcare, including any hours not covered by government funding.
  • Your job search, professional registration or retraining if needed.
  • Emergency savings and, ideally, a contingency fund for unexpected expenses.

There is one helpful benefit for families with young children: eligible three-, four- and five-year-olds can receive up to 20 hours of funded early childhood education per week at participating services. Extra hours may still cost money, and availability and schedules matter. Help paying for early childhood education20 hours funding for early childhood education

My general rule would be to avoid relying on your future salary to cover essential expenses until you have a realistic idea of how quickly you could get hired.

3. Will New Zealand offer you a good career, not just a good lifestyle?

This is where I'd be most cautious about making a blanket recommendation. New Zealand can be an excellent place to live, but the employment opportunities available to you depend on your occupation, seniority, qualifications and flexibility.

Before moving, I'd look at actual job advertisements and compare:

  • How many relevant positions are advertised across the country?
  • What salary ranges are offered?
  • Do employers accept your overseas experience and qualifications?
  • Could you work remotely, or would you need to live near a particular employment market?
  • Would you be willing to take a temporary or lower-paid role to establish yourself locally?

If your profession has strong demand and your experience transfers easily, the career risk may be manageable. If you work in a highly specialised field with few employers, I'd want stronger evidence of opportunities before moving.

One current consideration: New Zealand's unemployment rate was 5.6% in the June 2026 quarter, according to Stats NZ. That doesn't tell us how competitive your particular profession is, but it reinforces why I'd investigate your specific job market rather than assume finding work will be straightforward. Unemployment rateLabour market statistics: June 2026 quarter

My overall recommendation

I'd lean towards considering the move seriously if your partner wants to return, you can secure a clear work-visa pathway, and you have enough savings to manage a period on one income. I'd be more hesitant if you would be giving up a secure, well-paid overseas career without knowing whether comparable jobs exist in New Zealand.

You don't necessarily need a job offer before moving, but you do need a realistic plan for getting one.

Let me help you assess whether it makes sense for you

There are four things that would make my advice much more specific. You can answer in a sentence or two.

With those details, I can give you a much more useful assessment of the likely job prospects, financial risks, family benefits and whether moving before securing a job is a sensible choice.

Ask anything

ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Gemini · New Zealand country setting

My partner is a New Zealand citizen, and we'd be moving back with our preschool child after living overseas. I'd need to find work after we arrive. Would moving to New Zealand make sense for me? What would be the main upsides and downsides?

Deciding to move back to New Zealand with a preschooler and a partner who is a citizen is a major life pivot. Whether it "makes sense" depends heavily on what you value most—family proximity and lifestyle versus career scale and cost of living.

Below is an overview of the legal landscape, employment outlook, and the main upsides and downsides to help weigh your decision.


Visas and Work Rights

The logistical hurdle for you is relatively straightforward because of your partner:

  • Partner Visa Pathway: As the spouse or partner of a New Zealand citizen, you can apply for a Partner of a New Zealander Work Visa to move over, which grants you full open work rights (you can work in any job, for any employer, anywhere in the country).
  • Path to Residence: This temporary visa acts as a stepping stone. Once you have lived together in New Zealand for 12 months, you can transition to a Partner Resident Visa. If you have been living overseas together for 5+ years and your partner has been out of the country that long, you may even qualify for direct permanent residence.

The Upsides

  • An Exceptional Environment for Raising a Preschooler: New Zealand is famously child-friendly. Preschoolers benefit from a slower-paced, outdoor-oriented lifestyle with abundant access to nature, parks, beaches, and uncrowded spaces. The early childhood education (ECE) framework is well-developed, and children often experience a lot of play-based learning.
  • Family Support & Connection: If your partner’s family is in New Zealand, having built-in grandparents, aunts, uncles, or a familiar local support network can make an immense difference with childcare and parenting burnout.
  • Work-Life Balance: Culturally, New Zealand places a high premium on lifestyle. Long-term overtime is less culturally ingrained than in major global hubs like London, New York, or Sydney, and the "weekend warrior" outdoor lifestyle is very accessible.
  • Safety and Community: New Zealand consistently ranks high on global safety, low corruption, and social stability indices, making it a comforting place to settle down and establish roots.

The Downsides

  • The Cost of Living vs. Salaries: New Zealand has a high cost of living—particularly regarding housing (rents and mortgages), electricity, and groceries—coupled with wages that generally trail behind countries like Australia, the US, or the UK. Renting or buying a home will likely consume a large chunk of household income.
  • The Job Market Scale: New Zealand has a small, tightly connected economy. Depending on your industry, professional networks can feel limited, and specialized career advancement or high-paying corporate roles may be fewer in number compared to larger overseas markets. Job hunting from abroad can also be challenging, as local employers frequently prefer candidates who are already in the country.
  • The "Isolation" Factor: Geographically, New Zealand is distant from the rest of the world. International travel back to other continents is expensive, long-haul, and time-consuming, which can induce feelings of distance if you have family or close friends overseas.
  • Infrastructure and Public Services: While healthcare (publicly funded) and education are decent, the public healthcare system faces well-documented resource constraints, wait times, and staffing pressures.

Summary Checklist: Does it Make Sense for You?

Moving back tends to make sense if:

  1. You prioritize a slower, nature-centric, community-driven childhood for your preschooler.
  2. You or your partner have a strong craving to be closer to extended family.
  3. You value lifestyle, work-life balance, and outdoor recreation over maximizing a corporate paycheck.

It may not make sense if:

  1. You are mid-career in a specialized niche where international salaries and tax advantages heavily outweigh local earnings.
  2. Your family is heavily reliant on dual high-income earning power to absorb a high cost of living without feeling squeezed.

What field is your professional background in, or what part of the world are you moving from? Sharing that can help tailor a more specific picture of what your job hunt and financial transition might look like.

Ask Gemini

Gemini is AI and can make mistakes.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Google AI Mode · New Zealand country setting

My partner is a New Zealand citizen, and we'd be moving back with our preschool child after living overseas. I'd need to find work after we arrive. Would moving to New Zealand make sense for me? What would be the main upsides and downsides?

Whether moving to New Zealand makes sense for your family depends heavily on what you value most right now—lifestyle, family support, or career and financial growth. Because your partner is a New Zealand citizen, your legal path to living and working here is straightforward through a Partner of a New Zealander Work Visa, which grants open work rights.

The main upsides and downsides of making the cross-ocean move with a preschooler include:

The Upsides

  • Lifestyle and Environment: Unmatched access to nature, clean air, uncrowded beaches, and outdoor recreation. It is a fantastic, low-stress environment for raising a young child during their preschool years.

  • Family and Support Network: If your partner has family in New Zealand, having built-in grandparents, aunts, uncles, or a local community network can be a massive game-changer for childcare and parenting support.

  • Early Childhood Education (ECE): New Zealand offers government-funded ECE hours (20 hours per week) for children aged three and over, which can significantly offset preschool costs once your child turns three.

  • Work-Life Balance: The local work culture generally respects personal time, family commitments, and reasonable working hours much more than high-intensity global hubs.

The Downsides

  • Lower Salaries and Purchasing Power: New Zealand wages across many professional sectors lag significantly behind countries like Australia, the UK, or the US, while consumer goods, fuel, and imported items remain expensive.

  • Cost of Living vs. Local Income: High housing costs (renting or buying) relative to local take-home pay can be a shock, particularly if you are moving from a region with higher average wages.

  • Career Re-establishment: Depending on your industry, the local job market can be relatively small and insular. Networking is heavily relied upon, and finding a role that matches your overseas level or pay scale may take time.

  • Distance and Isolation: New Zealand is geographically isolated. Flying back to see family overseas or taking international trips is expensive and involves very long-haul flights, which gets more challenging (and pricey) with a young child.

To help figure out if the numbers and logistics stack up, tell me:

  • Which country or city are you moving from?
  • What industry or field do you work in?

I can give you a better breakdown of how the local job market and salary expectations might look for you.

Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026

AI Overviews · New Zealand country setting

My partner is a New Zealand citizen, and we'd be moving back with our preschool child after living overseas. I'd need to find work after we arrive. Would moving to New Zealand make sense for me? What would be the main upsides and downsides?

AI Overview

Moving to New Zealand makes strong legal and practical sense due to your partner’s citizenship status, but your overall satisfaction will depend heavily on your career field and financial expectations. Because your partner is a Kiwi, the immigration path is highly accessible, and the country offers an exceptionally supportive environment for raising a preschooler.

However, you will need to balance the country’s high quality of life against a relatively isolated economy and high cost of living.

The Major Upsides

  • Streamlined Residency Path: You will not need to rely on an employer to sponsor your visa. You can apply for a Partner of a New Zealander Resident Visa, which lets you live, work, and stay indefinitely. If you have lived together overseas for five years or more, you may even qualify for an immediate Permanent Resident Visa.
  • Support for Preschoolers: The government heavily subsidizes early childhood education (ECE). Children aged 3 to 5 are eligible for up to 20 hours of free childcare per week.
  • Public Safety & Health: New Zealand provides a safe, low-violence environment to raise a family. As a resident, you gain access to a heavily government-subsidized healthcare system. Additionally, the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) provides unique, no-fault personal injury coverage for everyone in the country.
  • Work-Life Balance: The corporate culture strictly protects personal time. You will receive a legal minimum of 4 weeks of annual leave plus 11 public holidays, making it easy to travel locally with your family.

The Major Downsides

  • Cost of Living vs. Local Wages: New Zealand suffers from what locals call the "Sunshine Tax"—wages are generally lower than in major US, UK, or Australian hubs, but the cost of housing, utilities, groceries, and fuel remains very high.
  • Job Market Dynamics: The job market is physically small and highly dependent on networking. Depending on your industry, some overseas qualifications require extensive and expensive local reassessments before you can legally practice.
  • Geographic Isolation: The timezone differences and long flight distances can make it emotionally difficult to maintain ties with friends and extended family left behind.

Next Steps to Evaluate

To help narrow down whether this move aligns financially and professionally for you, could you share:

  • What professional industry or role you will be looking for work in?
  • What country or region you are currently living in (to compare your current cost of living)?
  • Whether your partner already has a local job offer lined up?
Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026