Evidence · Immigration

Immigration: questions, answers and evidence

Read all 797 original answers and the tables behind the findings. The 27 missing answers are from the China comparison on three platforms.

questions
143
captured answers
797
missing responses
27
answers collected
15–20 October 2026

01

Every question, with its answers

Each question was written as a voter would ask it and went to all four assistants. Some were also asked from a town. Open a question to read every answer to it in full.

Showing 20 of 143 questions

02

The tables behind the study

Every figure on the study page comes from these tables. They are CSV files, which open in any spreadsheet.

  • Complete AI answers

    answers.csv

    One complete original answer, with the question, platform, country setting and migrant profile.

    question_id, surface_code, location_ref, result_id, prompt_id, platform, scan_id, collection_panel, question_text, response_text

  • The questions we asked

    question-catalogue.csv

    One question with the migrant profile, wording and purpose.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

  • Planned questions, platforms and countries

    execution-assignments.csv

    One question, platform and country we planned to collect an answer from.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

  • The 27 missing answers

    missing-cells.csv

    One expected answer that was not collected.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

  • Locations named for each migrant profile

    location-by-persona.csv

    How often a place was named in the twelve New Zealand answers for each migrant profile.

    persona, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles, wording_count, surface_count

  • Locations named across question wordings

    location-by-wording.csv

    One profile, platform and place, showing which versions of the question led to an answer naming the place.

    persona, surface, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles

  • Locations named by collection country

    location-by-region.csv

    One place and country setting; the China comparison has nine answers on Google AI Mode only.

    region, place, answers, denominator, surfaces

  • Eight countries on Google AI Mode

    location-ai-mode-eight-regions.csv

    One place and country across the same nine questions on Google AI Mode.

    region, place, answers, denominator

  • Matched local and overseas answers

    matched-region-answer-pairs.csv

    A New Zealand answer alongside the same question and platform using another country setting.

    region, surface, persona, question_id, result_id, nz_result_id, same_place_set, jaccard, added_names, omitted_names

  • Topics explicitly raised in the answers

    signals-by-output-platform.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by topic and platform.

    output, surface, signal, answers, denominator

  • Topics raised for each migrant profile

    signals-by-persona-output.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by migrant profile and topic.

    output, persona, signal, answers, denominator

  • Website addresses in captured answers

    captured-answer-links.csv

    Web addresses saved in the original answers, with image and file links identified.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, url, domain, host_class, image_or_asset

  • Extra table: links excluding images and files

    captured-links-by-platform.csv

    One platform across the same 143 New Zealand questions. The table excludes image and file links; the main Sources section counts those links.

    surface, denominator, answers_with_links, answers_with_govt_links

  • Captured answer lengths

    platform-answer-length.csv

    One platform across the same 143 local questions.

    surface, answers, median_words, mean_words

  • Recorded websites by answer

    sources-by-answer.csv

    Each website recorded as a source for an answer, with the page addresses and number of statements linked to the website.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, publisher, claim_count, source_urls

  • Recorded sources and their original claims

    source-claim-ledger.csv

    Sources attached to individual statements, with the original answer, quotation and source passage.

    narrative_id, claim_id, question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, url, source_passage, claim_quote, quote_exact

  • Answers with sources and answers with links

    source-answer-coverage.csv

    Each New Zealand answer, showing whether sources were recorded and whether the answer text contains a web link.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, associated_websites, had_sources, literal_url_answer

  • Website publisher classifications

    source-publisher-classification.csv

    Each website, the type of organisation behind the website and the reason for the category. Unconfirmed types remain Other.

    domain, publisher, basis, source

  • Tone toward each place

    place-sentiment-ledger.csv

    One named place in one answer, with the positive, neutral, negative or mixed label, supporting passages and reason. All 108 New Zealand answers about where to live were reviewed.

    result_id, question_id, prompt_id, persona, assistant, region, place, stance, paragraph_numbers, supporting_passages, display_passage, reason, answer_sha256, reviewed_on

  • Facts supplied in each question

    prompt-reporting-eligibility.csv

    Every question, with corrected descriptions of the facts stated and limits on interpreting its answers.

    question_id, reviewed_on, prompt_sha256, original_stated_facts, corrected_stated_facts, metadata_changed, destination_explicit, descriptive_counts_included, interpretation_rule

  • Sources across question styles

    source-wording-incidence.csv

    One website, profile, topic and platform, with answer totals, question styles and the original answer references.

    persona, output, surface, domain, answers_with_source, eligible_answers, wording_styles_with_source, eligible_wording_styles, observed_styles, eligible_styles, answer_ids, by_style

  • Questions with corrected fact descriptions

    question-catalogue-reviewed.csv

    The unchanged original question text with fact descriptions reviewed on 28 October 2026.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

  • Statements checked against official sources

    statement-checks.csv

    One checked statement, with its exact passage, verdict, official source, review date and original answer reference.

    check_id, measure_id, question_checked, result_id, prompt_id, question_id, persona, assistant, wording, exact_statement, verdict, what_the_source_says, source_name, source_url, checked_on, answer_sha256

  • Policy questions covered by the checks

    statement-measures.csv

    One policy question, showing checked statements, original answers and the question wordings represented.

    measure_id, question_checked, checked_statements, distinct_answers, wording_styles_with_checked_assertions, wording_styles, answer_ids, question_ids, scope

Use the question and answer numbers to follow the evidence between tables. Locations named in warnings and comparisons count. Sources attached to an answer and web links in the answer text are counted separately.

03

The reviewed evidence

We read all 108 New Zealand answers about where to live to assess the tone toward each named place. A separate selection of 41 answers explores practical advice and contrasts across topics. The original policy checks were made on 22 October and expanded on 28 October 2026; verdicts cover selected statements, not every answer.

ChatGPT · New Zealand country setting

My New Zealand partner and I are moving back with our preschool child. I'll need to find work, and we haven't decided where to live. Which places might suit us?

Moving back to New Zealand with a preschooler is a great opportunity to choose somewhere that suits your whole family, rather than simply returning to the place you know best.

Because you'll need to find work and haven't settled on a location, I'd compare places on four things:

  • Job opportunities: how easy it may be to find work in your field, including alternative employers if your first job doesn't work out.
  • Housing affordability: rent or mortgage costs, space for a growing family, and commuting expenses.
  • Preschool and family life: childcare availability, kindergartens, playgrounds, libraries, healthcare and family-friendly activities.
  • Lifestyle: whether you want city convenience, a smaller community, beaches, outdoor activities or a slower pace.

My starting recommendation would be to compare Christchurch, Hamilton, Wellington, Auckland and Tauranga. They offer quite different trade-offs, and the best fit will depend heavily on your career and how much housing you want for your budget.

The places I'd shortlist

1. Christchurch — best all-rounder to investigate

Family space and value

A strong starting point if you want a decent job market, more room for your money and access to parks, beaches and the outdoors. Opportunities span healthcare, construction, engineering, education, technology and agriculture-related industries.

Trade-off: colder winters, and many trips are easier with a car.

Look at: Halswell, Rolleston, Rangiora and family-friendly parts of the city, depending on where you work.

2. Hamilton — practical and well connected

Good balance

Worth considering if you want a substantial regional city without Auckland's scale. Its economy includes healthcare, education, agritech, logistics and professional services. It also offers access to the wider Waikato and road links to Auckland.

Trade-off: inland weather, with humid summers and chilly winters; some commutes are car-dependent.

Look at: Rototuna, Flagstaff, Hamilton East and nearby Cambridge if the commute and housing budget work.

3. Auckland — best for keeping career options open

Broadest job market

If you're changing industries, aiming for career progression or working in a specialised profession, Auckland deserves serious consideration. It has the country's largest and most diverse employment market, plus extensive healthcare, education, cultural and transport options.

Trade-off: higher housing costs in many areas and traffic that can eat into family time.

Look at: West Auckland, the North Shore, and southern or eastern suburbs based on your workplace and childcare needs.

4. Wellington region — best for certain professional careers

Wellington can be a great fit for government, policy, consulting, technology, research and creative work. The city has a compact centre, cultural attractions and access to beaches and walking tracks.

Trade-off: wind, hilly terrain and employment conditions that can be sensitive to public-sector hiring. Consider the wider region, not just central Wellington.

Look at: Lower Hutt, Upper Hutt, Porirua and Johnsonville, depending on your commute.

5. Tauranga — best for a beach-oriented lifestyle

An appealing option if sunshine, beaches and outdoor family life are high priorities. Employment opportunities include health, logistics, port-related industries, horticulture and construction.

Trade-off: housing can be expensive relative to local salaries, and traffic and infrastructure are important considerations.

Look at: Pāpāmoa, Welcome Bay and parts of the wider Western Bay of Plenty.

These are starting points rather than definitive rankings. Current housing and employment conditions vary, so check live vacancies and rental listings before committing. Trade Me's 2026 overview also highlights the Christchurch-versus-Auckland trade-off between affordability and job choice. The 15 best places to live in New Zealand (2026)Best Places to Live in New Zealand in 2026 Guide

What about smaller places?

If neither of you needs a large local job market, I'd also consider:

  • Nelson and Tasman: sunny, outdoorsy and relaxed, with a smaller employment market. More attractive if you have a specialised role, remote work or a secure job lined up.
  • Dunedin: a university and healthcare centre with a distinctive community feel. Worth exploring if you don't mind colder weather.
  • Whangārei: a slower-paced Northland option with access to beaches and nature, but fewer jobs in some specialist fields.
  • Queenstown and Wānaka: spectacular outdoor lifestyles, but I'd be cautious about choosing them without secure work and a realistic housing plan.

How I'd narrow it down for your family

I'd avoid choosing a suburb before you've established where the likely jobs are. Instead, identify two or three viable employment markets, compare realistic salaries and housing costs, then investigate preschool options around the likely commute.

For your child, check early-learning availability, fees, hours and waiting lists directly with centres. Don't assume that a good suburb automatically means an available preschool place.

Let's make this specific to you

The biggest missing piece is your work situation. What kind of work do you do, or what sort of job will you be looking for in New Zealand?

That will help me distinguish between places that sound lovely and places where you have a realistic chance of finding work while giving your family a comfortable life.

Ask anything

ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Gemini · New Zealand country setting

My New Zealand partner and I are moving back with our preschool child. I'll need to find work, and we haven't decided where to live. Which places might suit us?

Moving back to New Zealand with a preschooler and balancing the need to secure employment while choosing a hometown is an exciting milestone. Because New Zealand offers a starkly different pace and lifestyle depending on where you look, the "best" place depends heavily on your industry, your preference for big-city amenities versus regional space, and your budget.

Several regions stand out as particularly well-suited for families with young children and healthy job markets:

1. The Major Economic Hubs (Best for Broad Career Opportunities)

If you or your partner work in specialized corporate fields, tech, large-scale healthcare, or higher education, the main urban centers offer the widest safety net of employment options.

  • Auckland: As the country's largest city, Auckland has the most diverse job market. It features numerous early childhood education (ECE) centers, schools, and corporate headquarters. For families with a preschooler, outer suburbs (like the North Shore or Rodney) offer great beaches, regional parks, and family-oriented communities, though you will contend with higher housing costs and traffic.
  • Wellington: The capital is famously compact, creative, and politically connected, making it fantastic for government, policy, arts, and tech roles. It has a village-like feel despite being a city, excellent public transport, and a strong culture of work-life balance. It’s very walkable and progressive, though you’ll want to look out for its well-known windy weather when managing a stroller!
  • Christchurch: Christchurch has undergone a massive modern rebuild, resulting in fantastic, contemporary infrastructure, excellent family-oriented master-planned neighborhoods, and generally lower housing costs than Auckland. It is a massive hub for education, engineering, trades, and STEM industries, with incredible access to both the mountains and the sea.

2. The Thriving Regional Cities (Best Balance of Career & Lifestyle)

If you want to step away from major metropolitan congestion while still ensuring robust job prospects, New Zealand’s growing regional cities are exceptionally popular for young families.

  • Hamilton & the Waikato Region: Hamilton is one of the fastest-growing cities in the country, driven by a booming population, healthcare, agriculture tech, and education sectors. It offers a lower cost of living than Auckland, fantastic sprawling parks, and a very family-centric community, all while being close to Raglan's surf and the wider central North Island.
  • Tauranga & the Bay of Plenty: If a coastal, laid-back outdoor lifestyle is high on your priority list, Tauranga and Mount Maunganui are hard to beat. The region has experienced significant economic growth, creating steady demand across professional services, trades, education, and horticulture. It’s a dream for raising children near the beach, though housing demand has driven up costs.
  • Palmerston North / Manawatū: Known as a major logistics, science, and tertiary education hub, "Palmy" offers high employment stability, very short commute times, highly affordable housing relative to the main centers, and a welcoming community for young families.

3. Lifestyle & Smaller Regions (Best for Absolute Work-Life Balance)

  • Nelson / Tasman: Famous for having some of the highest sunshine hours in the country, Nelson offers a vibrant artisan culture, incredible national parks right on your doorstep, and a tight-knit community. Job markets are more niche (focused on tourism, horticulture, forestry, and local government), but it is a legendary place to raise a preschooler outdoors.
  • Otago (Dunedin or Central Otago): Dunedin offers a unique mix of rich Scottish heritage, a vibrant university student energy, budget-friendly living, and dramatic coastal wildlife (like penguins and albatrosses).

Key Factors to Help You Decide:

  1. The "Trailing Partner" Factor: Since one of you is securing work first, you might choose your initial location based entirely on where the first job offer lands. Fortunately, New Zealand's regions are close enough that a move later on isn't out of the question.
  2. Early Childhood Infrastructure: Because you have a preschooler, look into New Zealand’s 20 Hours ECE government subsidy, which applies to licensed early childhood education centers for children aged 3 to 5. Most towns and cities have a healthy mix of playcentres, kindergarten associations, and private childcare facilities.
  3. Support Networks: Since your partner is a Kiwi, leaning into their existing family or local connections (if they have them in a specific region) can make the transition back home much smoother regarding childcare support and local settling-in advice.
Ask Gemini

Gemini is AI and can make mistakes.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Google AI Mode · New Zealand country setting

My New Zealand partner and I are moving back with our preschool child. I'll need to find work, and we haven't decided where to live. Which places might suit us?

Moving back to New Zealand with a preschooler is an exciting milestone, but balancing a new job search with deciding where to settle takes some strategic planning. At a country level, New Zealand offers a few distinct regional profiles that excel in family-friendly lifestyles, early childhood community support, and varied employment markets.

Here are the top regions that typically suit returning expat or Kiwi-expat families:


** Christchurch and the Canterbury Region**

  • The Vibe: Spacious, flat, and remarkably family-oriented with an incredible community focus born from its post-earthquake rebuild.
  • Family & Preschool: Excellent modern amenities, abundant parks, and great access to both the beach and the mountains.
  • Work: A robust and growing economy with strong sectors in tech, construction, healthcare, education, and professional services. It also offers much more affordable housing and easier commutes than Auckland.

Hamilton and the Waikato Region

  • The Vibe: A dynamic, green inland city that punches well above its weight for families.
  • Family & Preschool: Home to beautiful spots like Hamilton Gardens and Lake Domain , excellent local schools, and a younger demographic average.
  • Work: A resilient job market spanning agriculture, manufacturing, logistics, health, and education, with the added benefit of being close enough to larger hubs like Auckland if needed. Housing is also considerably more affordable than major coastal metros.

Tauranga and the Bay of Plenty

  • The Vibe: Coastal, sunny, and fast-growing. Ideal if you want an active, outdoor beach lifestyle.
  • Family & Preschool: Fantastic outdoor environment for small children (parks, safe beaches, and estuaries), plus a strong community feel.
  • Work: A thriving regional economy with opportunities in horticulture, logistics, construction, marine industries, and healthcare. Keep in mind that housing demand has driven prices up relative to other regional centers, though it's still lower than central Auckland.

Wellington and the Greater Wellington Region (including the Hutt Valley or Kapiti Coast)

  • The Vibe: Culturally vibrant, compact, and progressive.
  • Family & Preschool: Highly walkable, community-minded, and celebrated for great work-life balance. The wider region offers fantastic regional parks and safe suburban pockets.
  • Work: Naturally a hub for government and public sector roles, but also strong in tech, creative services, education, and trades. The surrounding coast and valleys offer a slightly more relaxed pace than the central city.

Nelson-Tasman Region

  • The Vibe: Renowned for having some of the highest sunshine hours in the country, an artsy community, and a relaxed pace.
  • Family & Preschool: Safe, compact neighborhoods (like Stoke or Richmond) with an exceptional outdoor and beach-centric childhood lifestyle.
  • Work: Diversified regional economy covering horticulture, marine innovation, tourism, environmental science, and trades.

To help narrow down which region or specific job market might fit best, could you tell me:

  • What industry or field you will be looking for work in?
  • Do you prefer a larger center with big-city amenities, or a smaller, slower-paced regional town?
Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026

AI Overviews · New Zealand country setting

My New Zealand partner and I are moving back with our preschool child. I'll need to find work, and we haven't decided where to live. Which places might suit us?

AI Overview

Choosing where to live in New Zealand with a preschool child depends heavily on your industry, budget, and desired lifestyle. Since your partner is a New Zealander, you will likely be navigating visa conditions that grant open work rights, allowing you freedom across the job market.

To help narrow down your options, regions in New Zealand generally fall into three distinct categories based on what they offer returning families.

1. The Major Employment Hubs (Best for Corporate, Tech, and Specialized Roles)

If finding a job quickly in a highly corporate, tech, or specialized sector is your primary constraint, the two largest cities offer the deepest job markets, though they come with a higher cost of living.


** Auckland :** As the largest economic engine, it offers the most diverse job opportunities across almost every industry.

  • Family Benefits: Excellent regional parks, beaches, and a vast network of Early Childhood Education (ECE) centers.
  • Trade-offs: High housing costs and significant traffic congestion, which can eat into family time.

Wellington : The political and public sector capital, ideal for roles in government, policy, IT, and creative industries.

  • Family Benefits: It is highly walkable with a compact center, a strong café culture, and excellent public cultural facilities like Te Papa Museum.
  • Trade-offs: Noted as one of the country's more expensive cities, with a notoriously windy, hilly climate.

2. The Mid-Sized Cities (Best for Work-Life Balance and Family Living)

For families looking to avoid intense metropolitan traffic while retaining a robust local economy and more accessible housing markets.


** Canterbury (Christchurch):** A flat, highly cyclable city that has been extensively rebuilt with modern infrastructure. It has a strong manufacturing, agricultural tech, and construction sector.

  • Family Benefits: Exceptional brand-new public playgrounds (like the Margaret Mahy Family Playground), a lower cost of housing relative to Auckland, and quick access to both the coast and the mountains.

Waikato (Hamilton): A rapidly growing hub with strong links to agriculture, science, research, and logistics due to its central location.

  • Family Benefits: Very family-focused, featuring the Hamilton Gardens, a shorter commute to other regions, and more affordable suburban housing options.

3. The Lifestyle Regions (Best for Tourism, Trade, and Outdoors)

If your line of work is flexible, remote, or centered around hospitality, tourism, horticulture, or trades, regional New Zealand offers an unmatched lifestyle for young kids.

  • ** Bay of Plenty (Tauranga / Mt Maunganui):** One of the fastest-growing areas in the country with a massive port, thriving construction, and horticultural industries.
  • Family Benefits: Beautiful beaches, a warm climate, and an active outdoor lifestyle.
  • Trade-offs: Housing prices have risen significantly to rival Auckland's in recent years.
  • ** Hawke's Bay or Nelson/Tasman:** Known for sunny climates, wine, horticulture, and boutique creative industries.
  • Family Benefits: A relaxed pace of life, highly community-oriented, and excellent access to nature for a young child to grow up around.

Comparison of Key Factors

Region Job Market Depth Housing Affordability Commute & Pace of Life
Auckland Very High (All sectors) Low Busy / Heavy Traffic
Wellington High (Govt, Tech, Creative) Low to Medium Compact / Walkable
Canterbury High (Tech, Trade, Agri) Medium Flat / Easy Commuting
Waikato Medium to High (Agri, Science) Medium Relaxed / Central Hub
Bay of Plenty Medium (Port, Trade, Tourism) Low to Medium Coastal / Growing
Regional (e.g., Nelson) Lower (Specialized / Seasonal) Medium Very Relaxed / Slow

Important Family Logistics to Consider

  • Early Childhood Education (ECE): New Zealand offers 20 hours of subsidized ECE per week for children aged 3 to 5, which significantly helps with childcare costs once your child reaches that milestone.
  • Healthcare: As the partner of a New Zealand citizen, once your residency status or eligible work visa is sorted, your family will have access to the subsidized public healthcare system.

To help narrow down specific areas, could you tell me what line of work you are in and what your housing budget or preferences look like?

Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026