Evidence · Immigration

Immigration: questions, answers and evidence

Read all 797 original answers and the tables behind the findings. The 27 missing answers are from the China comparison on three platforms.

questions
143
captured answers
797
missing responses
27
answers collected
15–20 October 2026

01

Every question, with its answers

Each question was written as a voter would ask it and went to all four assistants. Some were also asked from a town. Open a question to read every answer to it in full.

Showing 20 of 143 questions

02

The tables behind the study

Every figure on the study page comes from these tables. They are CSV files, which open in any spreadsheet.

  • Complete AI answers

    answers.csv

    One complete original answer, with the question, platform, country setting and migrant profile.

    question_id, surface_code, location_ref, result_id, prompt_id, platform, scan_id, collection_panel, question_text, response_text

  • The questions we asked

    question-catalogue.csv

    One question with the migrant profile, wording and purpose.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

  • Planned questions, platforms and countries

    execution-assignments.csv

    One question, platform and country we planned to collect an answer from.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

  • The 27 missing answers

    missing-cells.csv

    One expected answer that was not collected.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

  • Locations named for each migrant profile

    location-by-persona.csv

    How often a place was named in the twelve New Zealand answers for each migrant profile.

    persona, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles, wording_count, surface_count

  • Locations named across question wordings

    location-by-wording.csv

    One profile, platform and place, showing which versions of the question led to an answer naming the place.

    persona, surface, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles

  • Locations named by collection country

    location-by-region.csv

    One place and country setting; the China comparison has nine answers on Google AI Mode only.

    region, place, answers, denominator, surfaces

  • Eight countries on Google AI Mode

    location-ai-mode-eight-regions.csv

    One place and country across the same nine questions on Google AI Mode.

    region, place, answers, denominator

  • Matched local and overseas answers

    matched-region-answer-pairs.csv

    A New Zealand answer alongside the same question and platform using another country setting.

    region, surface, persona, question_id, result_id, nz_result_id, same_place_set, jaccard, added_names, omitted_names

  • Topics explicitly raised in the answers

    signals-by-output-platform.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by topic and platform.

    output, surface, signal, answers, denominator

  • Topics raised for each migrant profile

    signals-by-persona-output.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by migrant profile and topic.

    output, persona, signal, answers, denominator

  • Website addresses in captured answers

    captured-answer-links.csv

    Web addresses saved in the original answers, with image and file links identified.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, url, domain, host_class, image_or_asset

  • Extra table: links excluding images and files

    captured-links-by-platform.csv

    One platform across the same 143 New Zealand questions. The table excludes image and file links; the main Sources section counts those links.

    surface, denominator, answers_with_links, answers_with_govt_links

  • Captured answer lengths

    platform-answer-length.csv

    One platform across the same 143 local questions.

    surface, answers, median_words, mean_words

  • Recorded websites by answer

    sources-by-answer.csv

    Each website recorded as a source for an answer, with the page addresses and number of statements linked to the website.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, publisher, claim_count, source_urls

  • Recorded sources and their original claims

    source-claim-ledger.csv

    Sources attached to individual statements, with the original answer, quotation and source passage.

    narrative_id, claim_id, question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, url, source_passage, claim_quote, quote_exact

  • Answers with sources and answers with links

    source-answer-coverage.csv

    Each New Zealand answer, showing whether sources were recorded and whether the answer text contains a web link.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, associated_websites, had_sources, literal_url_answer

  • Website publisher classifications

    source-publisher-classification.csv

    Each website, the type of organisation behind the website and the reason for the category. Unconfirmed types remain Other.

    domain, publisher, basis, source

  • Tone toward each place

    place-sentiment-ledger.csv

    One named place in one answer, with the positive, neutral, negative or mixed label, supporting passages and reason. All 108 New Zealand answers about where to live were reviewed.

    result_id, question_id, prompt_id, persona, assistant, region, place, stance, paragraph_numbers, supporting_passages, display_passage, reason, answer_sha256, reviewed_on

  • Facts supplied in each question

    prompt-reporting-eligibility.csv

    Every question, with corrected descriptions of the facts stated and limits on interpreting its answers.

    question_id, reviewed_on, prompt_sha256, original_stated_facts, corrected_stated_facts, metadata_changed, destination_explicit, descriptive_counts_included, interpretation_rule

  • Sources across question styles

    source-wording-incidence.csv

    One website, profile, topic and platform, with answer totals, question styles and the original answer references.

    persona, output, surface, domain, answers_with_source, eligible_answers, wording_styles_with_source, eligible_wording_styles, observed_styles, eligible_styles, answer_ids, by_style

  • Questions with corrected fact descriptions

    question-catalogue-reviewed.csv

    The unchanged original question text with fact descriptions reviewed on 28 October 2026.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

  • Statements checked against official sources

    statement-checks.csv

    One checked statement, with its exact passage, verdict, official source, review date and original answer reference.

    check_id, measure_id, question_checked, result_id, prompt_id, question_id, persona, assistant, wording, exact_statement, verdict, what_the_source_says, source_name, source_url, checked_on, answer_sha256

  • Policy questions covered by the checks

    statement-measures.csv

    One policy question, showing checked statements, original answers and the question wordings represented.

    measure_id, question_checked, checked_statements, distinct_answers, wording_styles_with_checked_assertions, wording_styles, answer_ids, question_ids, scope

Use the question and answer numbers to follow the evidence between tables. Locations named in warnings and comparisons count. Sources attached to an answer and web links in the answer text are counted separately.

03

The reviewed evidence

We read all 108 New Zealand answers about where to live to assess the tone toward each named place. A separate selection of 41 answers explores practical advice and contrasts across topics. The original policy checks were made on 22 October and expanded on 28 October 2026; verdicts cover selected statements, not every answer.

ChatGPT · New Zealand country setting

I'm considering postgraduate study in New Zealand, but money is tight and I need a realistic chance of building a career afterwards. What might make New Zealand a bad fit for me?

New Zealand could be a good place to study and build a career, but if money is tight and your main goal is to secure a worthwhile job after graduating, there are some serious reasons to be cautious.

The biggest risk is that you spend a substantial amount on tuition and living costs, complete a postgraduate qualification, and still struggle to find work that pays enough to justify the investment. A qualification can improve your prospects, but it does not guarantee a job, a work visa, or a route to residence.

Here are the main reasons New Zealand might be a bad fit for you, particularly if you would be an international student.

1. The financial risk can be much higher than it first appears

Tuition can consume your savings quickly

International postgraduate fees vary substantially by institution and subject. You may also need to pay student levies, insurance, course materials and other costs. A one-year programme can be a major financial commitment before you have earned anything in New Zealand.

Living costs leave little room for mistakes

Rent, food, transport, utilities and healthcare-related expenses can add up. Housing costs vary by location, but even a relatively modest lifestyle can be expensive, especially if you live alone or need to move for a job.

Part-time work is not a safe funding strategy

You may be eligible to work while studying, depending on your visa conditions, but there is no guarantee of getting enough shifts or earning enough to cover your costs. Working more can also interfere with your studies.

The key question is not simply whether you can afford to enrol. It is whether you can afford to finish the programme without relying on a job you have not secured yet.

If studying would require high-interest debt, using up your emergency savings, or relying on part-time earnings to pay tuition, the risk deserves serious consideration.

For scale, New Zealand's official study information gives indicative international postgraduate tuition of roughly NZ$20,000–$45,000, with living-cost estimates commonly around NZ$18,000–$27,000 a year, depending on location and circumstances. That puts a one-year study budget at roughly NZ$38,000–$72,000 before some additional costs. These are broad planning figures, not a quote for a particular course. Tuition fees and cost of livingFee Paying Student Visa » Immigration New Zealand

2. A postgraduate qualification does not guarantee a strong job market

The next question is whether employers actually need the skills you will gain.

New Zealand is a relatively small labour market. That can be a disadvantage if your field has few employers, if vacancies are concentrated in particular regions, or if employers prefer people who already have local experience.

This is where I would be especially cautious:

  • A general postgraduate qualification without a clear occupational outcome. A master's degree may deepen your knowledge without qualifying you for a particular job.
  • A career change into a competitive field. You may be competing with graduates who already have relevant work experience, professional networks or local references.
  • A course with little practical experience. An internship, clinical placement, research partnership or industry project can matter more than the qualification's title alone.
  • A field where registration is required. Some professions require additional examinations, supervised practice, registration or recognition of overseas qualifications before you can work.

Before paying a deposit, look at actual vacancies for the job you want, not just university graduate employment statistics or promotional claims.

Ask yourself: If I had this qualification today, could I find at least 10 realistic job openings in New Zealand for which I would meet most of the requirements?

If the answer is no, investigate why before committing.

3. Immigration and employment are two different hurdles

If you are an international student hoping to remain in New Zealand, this is one of the most important risks.

There are three separate questions:

  1. Can you obtain a student visa and complete the course?
  2. Will your specific qualification make you eligible for a post-study work visa?
  3. Can you secure a suitable job and, if you want to settle permanently, qualify under the relevant residence rules?

A positive answer to one does not guarantee the others.

New Zealand's post-study work options depend on the qualification, study duration and other eligibility requirements. A qualifying degree-level 7 or higher qualification can provide broader work rights than some lower-level qualifications, while certain non-degree qualifications have additional restrictions. You should verify the exact course against Immigration New Zealand's current rules rather than relying on a university agent's general assurance. Work Visa Rights During & After Studying in NZ | Study with New ZealandFee Paying Student Visa » Immigration New Zealand

The risk is particularly serious if your financial plan assumes that you will:

  • Get a post-study work visa automatically.
  • Find a skilled job within a few weeks of graduating.
  • Obtain employer sponsorship or residence simply because you hold a master's degree.
  • Recover your study costs through a high salary soon after graduation.

None of those outcomes is guaranteed.

Check the official Immigration New Zealand website for the current visa conditions and eligibility rules before making a financial commitment.

4. The job market may be tougher by the time you graduate

The latest official figures available as of October 2026 show New Zealand's unemployment rate was 5.6% in the June 2026 quarter, up from 5.2% a year earlier. The Reserve Bank has also reported that job-finding rates remain low. This does not mean graduates cannot find work, but it is a reason not to assume that a qualification will quickly translate into employment. Unemployment rateMonetary Policy Statement September 2026 - Reserve Bank of New Zealand

The practical danger is a mismatch between the job you need and the job you can get. You might end up taking casual or lower-paid work while applying for positions in your field, or accepting a job in a different region from where you studied.

A realistic plan should allow for several months of job searching after graduation, rather than assuming you will start a professional job immediately.

5. New Zealand salaries may not justify the cost of studying

Even if you secure a job, you need to consider how much you will have left after tax, rent, transport and other living expenses.

A salary that looks attractive when converted into your home currency may feel less impressive once you account for New Zealand's living costs. And if you have borrowed money for tuition, loan repayments could absorb much of your disposable income.

Before enrolling, calculate three scenarios:

Scenario What to test
Best case You find a relevant, well-paid job quickly.
Realistic case You spend several months searching and initially earn less than expected.
Worst case You cannot find relevant work and need to return home or take another job.

If the worst case would leave you with unmanageable debt, you should think carefully about whether the potential benefits justify the risk.

6. Studying here may not be the best route to your career goal

New Zealand might be a poor choice if:

  • Your main priority is maximising your income as quickly as possible.
  • Your preferred occupation has few local employers or limited entry-level opportunities.
  • You already have a qualification that is respected internationally and would gain more from work experience than another degree.
  • A comparable qualification is substantially cheaper in your home country.
  • You need a guaranteed route to permanent residence.
  • You cannot afford to remain unemployed after graduating.

There are also good reasons to choose New Zealand: a specific research opportunity, a strong professional placement, an employer-linked programme, or a qualification that directly enables you to enter a regulated profession. The key is having a concrete reason beyond the hope that studying abroad will open doors.

How I would reduce the risk before committing

Verify the complete cost

Get the actual tuition quote and add living expenses, insurance, visa fees, travel, and an emergency reserve. Do not count uncertain earnings as guaranteed funding.

Work backwards from a job

Identify two or three occupations you want to pursue. Check current vacancies, salary ranges, required experience and registration requirements before choosing a course.

Confirm visa eligibility in writing where possible

Check the precise qualification, its level, required study duration and post-study options through official immigration guidance. Remember that immigration rules can change before you graduate.

Compare the return on investment

Compare the New Zealand programme against studying at home, studying in another country, or getting work experience first. Include the debt you might carry and how long it could take to recover the cost.

My honest recommendation

Given that money is tight, I would not recommend choosing a postgraduate programme in New Zealand until you can identify a credible path from that specific course to a specific job. I would be particularly wary of expensive, generic qualifications whose main selling point is the opportunity to stay in New Zealand after graduation.

You do not necessarily need to abandon the idea. You need to be selective enough that the financial risk is manageable.

The most important detail is your intended field of study. The outlook can differ dramatically between healthcare, engineering, IT, business, education and other fields.

What subject are you considering studying, and would you be applying as a domestic student or an international student? With those two details, I can give you a much more concrete assessment of the costs, job prospects and risks in New Zealand.

Ask anything

ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Gemini · New Zealand country setting

I'm considering postgraduate study in New Zealand, but money is tight and I need a realistic chance of building a career afterwards. What might make New Zealand a bad fit for me?

Pursuing postgraduate study in New Zealand can be an incredible experience, but when balancing tight finances and career outcomes, there are several distinct systemic and economic factors that might make it a difficult fit.

Here is an honest breakdown of the challenges you could face:


1. Financial Strain & Cost of Living vs. Wages

  • High Cost of Living: Major university centers like Auckland, Wellington, and Dunedin have high costs of living, particularly for rent, groceries, and transport, which often outpace local inflation.
  • Modest Post-Grad Wages: New Zealand's general wage levels are notoriously lower than those in Australia, North America, or Western Europe. Entry-level salaries upon graduation may feel low relative to the upfront cost of your tuition and living expenses.
  • Limited Support for International Students: If you are an international student, tuition fees are significantly higher (often double or triple domestic rates), and you do not qualify for domestic student allowances or student loans. Working rights during study are also strictly capped (typically 20 hours per week during semesters).

2. Career Progression & The "Brain Drain"

  • Smaller Job Market: New Zealand has a relatively small, concentrated economy with fewer large corporate headquarters or massive R&D hubs compared to major global markets. Specialized or niche industries can have very few job openings at any given time.
  • The "Experience Paradox": Many graduate roles or employer sponsorship pathways require local industry experience, which can make landing that first crucial job difficult for international or returning graduates.
  • Outmigration Trend: Many high-skilled professionals in New Zealand eventually move to Australia (where salaries are higher and taxes can be lower) for better career acceleration. If long-term career growth is your primary goal, you might find yourself treating New Zealand merely as a stepping stone rather than a final destination.

3. Immigration & Post-Study Work Visa Pressures

  • Policy Shifts: New Zealand’s immigration policies regarding post-study work visas and residency pathways have fluctuated over recent years. Relying on postgraduate study as a guaranteed stepping stone to permanent residency is increasingly complex and competitive.
  • Employer Accreditation: To secure or extend work visas post-graduation, you often need a job offer from an accredited employer that meets specific median-wage thresholds. Securing this exact type of role in a tight job market adds considerable stress.

Summary Checklist: Is NZ Right for You?

  • It might be a bad fit if: You are funding your studies entirely through loans or tight savings without a buffer, expecting high starting salaries immediately after graduation, or looking for a massive, hyper-dynamic job market with limitless corporate variety.
  • It might still work if: You are eligible for domestic fees, have targeted a specific industry experiencing severe skill shortages (such as certain engineering, healthcare, or specialized tech sectors), or value lifestyle and work-life balance over rapid wealth accumulation.

Would you like to explore specific high-demand industries in New Zealand, or look into the estimated cost of living for particular study paths?

Ask Gemini

Gemini is AI and can make mistakes.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Google AI Mode · New Zealand country setting

I'm considering postgraduate study in New Zealand, but money is tight and I need a realistic chance of building a career afterwards. What might make New Zealand a bad fit for me?

If money is tight and you need a high-certainty career springboard, New Zealand can present a genuinely difficult—and potentially poor—fit. While New Zealand offers a high quality of life and globally respected universities, the structural and economic realities of the country pose distinct hurdles for budget-conscious international or domestic postgraduate students.

Here is why New Zealand might be a bad fit for your situation:

  • High Cost of Living Relative to Local Wages: New Zealand’s major centers (like Auckland and Wellington) feature a high cost of living spanning housing, groceries, and transport, yet the local salary ceiling across many professional sectors is modest compared to Australia, North America, or Western Europe. If you are starting out post-graduation, everyday expenses can consume a massive portion of an entry-level salary.

  • Limited Part-Time Work Availability and Caps: While student visas permit working up to 25 hours per week during study terms, finding reliable part-time or casual employment that fits around a rigorous postgraduate timetable is fiercely competitive—particularly outside major urban hubs. Relying on part-time work to pay for tuition and steep living costs ($20,000+ NZD a year minimum for living funds alone) is a high-risk strategy.

  • Small Domestic Job Market and "Who You Know" Culture: New Zealand has a compact economy dominated by small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs). Large corporate graduate schemes or deep institutional research-and-development pipelines are limited. Because the professional networks are small, landing a job often relies heavily on local connections, internships, or being physically present to network—making a seamless transition from a degree to a secure career much less predictable for newcomers.

  • Scaled Back or Restrictive Immigration Pathways: While a Post-Study Work Visa (PSWV) can grant up to 3 years of work rights for higher-level degree graduates, immigration policies and skill shortage lists shift regularly. If your postgraduate qualification does not tightly align with New Zealand’s targeted skill needs, securing long-term employer sponsorship or residency can become an uphill and stressful battle.

  • High International Tuition Fees: If you are an international student, universities charge full domestic-subsidized rates multiplied by international multipliers. Postgrad study requires a heavy upfront investment (often ranging between $25,000 and $50,000+ NZD per year for tuition alone, depending on the field), meaning the financial hole you start in is deep if funds are already tight. [KiwiCost]

If you'd like to share, let me know:

  • Are you considering this as a domestic or international student?
  • What specific field or industry is your postgraduate study in?

I can help evaluate whether your specific career path aligns with local demand or if another region makes more financial sense.

Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026

AI Overviews · New Zealand country setting

I'm considering postgraduate study in New Zealand, but money is tight and I need a realistic chance of building a career afterwards. What might make New Zealand a bad fit for me?

AI Overview

New Zealand may be a bad fit for you because of its high cost of living , steep international tuition fees ranging from NZ$20,000 to NZ$45,000 per year , and a compact, isolated job market that frequently prioritizes local work experience over advanced academic qualifications. If money is tight and you need an immediate, high-yield return on your career investment, the financial hurdles and scale of the local economy could pose significant challenges.

Severe Financial Strain

  • High Living Costs: While immigration guidelines require you to prove at least NZ$20,000 for your first year of living expenses, actual costs for rent, food, and utilities can quickly exhaust this baseline.
  • Upfront Tuition Costs: Unless you are enrolling in a PhD program (which qualifies for domestic tuition rates), a Master's degree will cost between NZ$20,000 and $45,000 annually. Scholarships for international students are highly competitive and limited.
  • Work Cap Limitations: Taught postgraduate students are generally restricted to 20 to 25 hours of work per week during terms. Given the local cost of rent and groceries, part-time minimum-wage retail or hospitality work will rarely cover both your tuition and basic living needs.

Career Building Obstacles

  • Small Market Scale: The entire country has a population of just over 5 million people. This means fewer corporate headquarters, fewer specialized research roles, and a smaller volume of entry-level professional vacancies compared to larger economies.
  • The "Local Experience" Barrier: Many domestic employers prefer candidates who already understand the local business culture and have a track record working within the country. Breaking out of the "no local experience, no job" cycle can be frustrating for new international graduates.
  • Narrow Residency Pathways: While the Post-Study Work Visa grants up to three years of work rights, transitioning to a permanent career or residency heavily depends on whether your profession sits on the official Green List. If your field is not experiencing a critical shortage (like healthcare, engineering, or specific IT roles), finding an employer to sponsor a long-term visa is incredibly difficult.

To help narrow down your options, what specific field of study or industry are you planning to enter? Sharing whether you are looking at a taught or research-based program would also help clarify your visa work rights and post-grad prospects.

Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026