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Evidence · Immigration

Immigration: questions, answers and evidence

Read all 797 original answers and the tables behind the findings. The 27 missing answers are from the China comparison on three platforms.

questions
143
captured answers
797
missing responses
27
answers collected
15–20 October 2026

01

Every question, with its answers

Each question was written as a voter would ask it and went to all four assistants. Some were also asked from a town. Open a question to read every answer to it in full.

Showing 20 of 143 questions

Show all 143

02

The tables behind the study

Every figure on the study page comes from these tables. They are CSV files, which open in any spreadsheet.

  • Complete AI answers

    answers.csv

    One complete original answer, with the question, platform, country setting and migrant profile.

    question_id, surface_code, location_ref, result_id, prompt_id, platform, scan_id, collection_panel, question_text, response_text

    797rows

    Download complete ai answers (CSV)

  • The questions we asked

    question-catalogue.csv

    One question with the migrant profile, wording and purpose.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

    143rows

    Download the questions we asked (CSV)

  • Planned questions, platforms and countries

    execution-assignments.csv

    One question, platform and country we planned to collect an answer from.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

    824rows

    Download planned questions, platforms and countries (CSV)

  • The 27 missing answers

    missing-cells.csv

    One expected answer that was not collected.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

    27rows

    Download the 27 missing answers (CSV)

  • Locations named for each migrant profile

    location-by-persona.csv

    How often a place was named in the twelve New Zealand answers for each migrant profile.

    persona, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles, wording_count, surface_count

    342rows

    Download locations named for each migrant profile (CSV)

  • Locations named across question wordings

    location-by-wording.csv

    One profile, platform and place, showing which versions of the question led to an answer naming the place.

    persona, surface, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles

    1,368rows

    Download locations named across question wordings (CSV)

  • Locations named by collection country

    location-by-region.csv

    One place and country setting; the China comparison has nine answers on Google AI Mode only.

    region, place, answers, denominator, surfaces

    304rows

    Download locations named by collection country (CSV)

  • Eight countries on Google AI Mode

    location-ai-mode-eight-regions.csv

    One place and country across the same nine questions on Google AI Mode.

    region, place, answers, denominator

    304rows

    Download eight countries on google ai mode (CSV)

  • Matched local and overseas answers

    matched-region-answer-pairs.csv

    A New Zealand answer alongside the same question and platform using another country setting.

    region, surface, persona, question_id, result_id, nz_result_id, same_place_set, jaccard, added_names, omitted_names

    261rows

    Download matched local and overseas answers (CSV)

  • Topics explicitly raised in the answers

    signals-by-output-platform.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by topic and platform.

    output, surface, signal, answers, denominator

    1,120rows

    Download topics explicitly raised in the answers (CSV)

  • Topics raised for each migrant profile

    signals-by-persona-output.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by migrant profile and topic.

    output, persona, signal, answers, denominator

    1,876rows

    Download topics raised for each migrant profile (CSV)

  • Website addresses in captured answers

    captured-answer-links.csv

    Web addresses saved in the original answers, with image and file links identified.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, url, domain, host_class, image_or_asset

    2,003rows

    Download website addresses in captured answers (CSV)

  • Extra table: links excluding images and files

    captured-links-by-platform.csv

    One platform across the same 143 New Zealand questions. The table excludes image and file links; the main Sources section counts those links.

    surface, denominator, answers_with_links, answers_with_govt_links

    4rows

    Download extra table: links excluding images and files (CSV)

  • Captured answer lengths

    platform-answer-length.csv

    One platform across the same 143 local questions.

    surface, answers, median_words, mean_words

    4rows

    Download captured answer lengths (CSV)

  • Recorded websites by answer

    sources-by-answer.csv

    Each website recorded as a source for an answer, with the page addresses and number of statements linked to the website.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, publisher, claim_count, source_urls

    1,462rows

    Download recorded websites by answer (CSV)

  • Recorded sources and their original claims

    source-claim-ledger.csv

    Sources attached to individual statements, with the original answer, quotation and source passage.

    narrative_id, claim_id, question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, url, source_passage, claim_quote, quote_exact

    3,105rows

    Download recorded sources and their original claims (CSV)

  • Answers with sources and answers with links

    source-answer-coverage.csv

    Each New Zealand answer, showing whether sources were recorded and whether the answer text contains a web link.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, associated_websites, had_sources, literal_url_answer

    572rows

    Download answers with sources and answers with links (CSV)

  • Website publisher classifications

    source-publisher-classification.csv

    Each website, the type of organisation behind the website and the reason for the category. Unconfirmed types remain Other.

    domain, publisher, basis, source

    332rows

    Download website publisher classifications (CSV)

  • Tone toward each place

    place-sentiment-ledger.csv

    One named place in one answer, with the positive, neutral, negative or mixed label, supporting passages and reason. All 108 New Zealand answers about where to live were reviewed.

    result_id, question_id, prompt_id, persona, assistant, region, place, stance, paragraph_numbers, supporting_passages, display_passage, reason, answer_sha256, reviewed_on

    630rows

    Download tone toward each place (CSV)

  • Facts supplied in each question

    prompt-reporting-eligibility.csv

    Every question, with corrected descriptions of the facts stated and limits on interpreting its answers.

    question_id, reviewed_on, prompt_sha256, original_stated_facts, corrected_stated_facts, metadata_changed, destination_explicit, descriptive_counts_included, interpretation_rule

    143rows

    Download facts supplied in each question (CSV)

  • Sources across question styles

    source-wording-incidence.csv

    One website, profile, topic and platform, with answer totals, question styles and the original answer references.

    persona, output, surface, domain, answers_with_source, eligible_answers, wording_styles_with_source, eligible_wording_styles, observed_styles, eligible_styles, answer_ids, by_style

    2,144rows

    Download sources across question styles (CSV)

  • Questions with corrected fact descriptions

    question-catalogue-reviewed.csv

    The unchanged original question text with fact descriptions reviewed on 28 October 2026.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

    143rows

    Download questions with corrected fact descriptions (CSV)

  • Statements checked against official sources

    statement-checks.csv

    One checked statement, with its exact passage, verdict, official source, review date and original answer reference.

    check_id, measure_id, question_checked, result_id, prompt_id, question_id, persona, assistant, wording, exact_statement, verdict, what_the_source_says, source_name, source_url, checked_on, answer_sha256

    47rows

    Download statements checked against official sources (CSV)

  • Policy questions covered by the checks

    statement-measures.csv

    One policy question, showing checked statements, original answers and the question wordings represented.

    measure_id, question_checked, checked_statements, distinct_answers, wording_styles_with_checked_assertions, wording_styles, answer_ids, question_ids, scope

    27rows

    Download policy questions covered by the checks (CSV)

Use the question and answer numbers to follow the evidence between tables. Locations named in warnings and comparisons count. Sources attached to an answer and web links in the answer text are counted separately.

03

The reviewed evidence

We read all 108 New Zealand answers about where to live to assess the tone toward each named place. A separate selection of 41 answers explores practical advice and contrasts across topics. The original policy checks were made on 22 October and expanded on 28 October 2026; verdicts cover selected statements, not every answer.

ChatGPT · New Zealand country setting

best places in New Zealand for year-round dairy work with a partner and young child

Best places in New Zealand for year-round dairy work with a partner and young child

If you're planning to work in dairy farming as a couple while raising a young child, I'd prioritise regions with plenty of dairy jobs, reliable year-round employment, affordable family housing, and access to childcare, schools and healthcare.

New Zealand has several strong dairy regions, but the best place for you won't necessarily be the one with the most farms. A good family base is somewhere you can find stable work, live comfortably on your combined income, and have a life outside the milking shed.

My top regions to consider

1. Waikato

Best all-round choice

Best areas to investigate: Te Awamutu, Morrinsville, Matamata, Cambridge outskirts and the wider Waikato farming district.

  • Large, established dairy industry with a broad range of farm roles.
  • Good options for couples seeking two jobs on one farm or employment on nearby farms.
  • Access to larger service centres, schools, healthcare and family amenities.
  • Generally mild winters, although it can be wet and muddy.

Family verdict: My first choice for balancing dairy employment with family life. Housing costs and commute times vary considerably by town.

2. Southland

Best for dairy-focused employment

Best areas to investigate: Around Invercargill, Winton, Gore and surrounding rural districts.

  • A major dairy region with opportunities across farm operations.
  • Worth considering for farm couples seeking hands-on roles and potentially on-farm accommodation.
  • Some rural areas offer a quieter family environment.

Trade-offs: Cold winters, frost, wet conditions and shorter daylight hours. You'll want to check heating, insulation and childcare access carefully if offered a farm house.

3. Taranaki

Best areas to investigate: Hāwera, Stratford, Eltham and the surrounding dairy districts.

  • Well-established dairy farming and a rural lifestyle.
  • Potential to combine farm work with access to town facilities.
  • Worth comparing for couples who want a smaller-town environment rather than a large urban centre.

Trade-offs: Rainfall can be high, and some farms are isolated. Confirm the actual commute and whether both adults can find suitable work.

4. Canterbury

Best areas to investigate: Ashburton, Rakaia, Geraldine and the wider Mid Canterbury farming area.

  • A substantial dairy industry with a mix of farm sizes and roles.
  • Good option for couples considering farm management pathways or larger commercial farms.
  • Towns such as Ashburton provide services that are useful for family life.

Trade-offs: Colder winters, dry summers in some districts and irrigation-dependent farming. Some properties are a considerable drive from childcare or medical services.

5. Manawatū and Horowhenua

Best areas to investigate: Feilding, Ōpiki, Shannon and surrounding rural areas.

  • Established dairy farming with a mix of rural and town-based living.
  • Potentially practical for families wanting access to shops, schools and other services.
  • Worth comparing if you want a farming job without being as far south as Southland.

Trade-offs: Opportunities depend on the specific district and farm, and the local rental market needs checking before you commit.

Which region has the strongest job prospects?

DairyNZ's 2024/25 statistics identify Waikato as New Zealand's largest dairy region by cow numbers, followed by North Canterbury, Southland and Taranaki. 3. Regional dairy statistics DairyNZ's 2026 regional employment figures also show substantial dairy employment in Waikato, Canterbury, Taranaki and Southland. Backing dairy means backing New Zealand

Region Best reason to choose it My assessment
Waikato Broad choice of farms and roles Best overall
Southland Dairy-focused rural employment Best for farm-based couples
Canterbury Larger commercial farms Best for career progression
Taranaki Established dairy industry Best smaller-town lifestyle
Manawatū Rural work with access to towns Good family alternative

One important distinction: dairy farming can offer work across most of the year, but a permanent job is not the same as guaranteed year-round work. Some positions are seasonal or cover calving, and hours can change throughout the season. Finding seasonal workDairy » Food and fibre workforce insights

Finding a farm that works for your family

With a young child, I'd assess the actual employment package before choosing a region.

  • Jobs for both adults: Ask whether the farmer can employ you both, ideally with compatible hours and days off.
  • Accommodation: Find out whether a family-sized house is included, whether rent is deducted from wages, and whether the property is insulated and heated properly.
  • Childcare: Check early-childhood centres, availability and opening hours. Early milking can make childcare arrangements difficult.
  • Working hours: Ask about split shifts, weekend work, on-call duties and rostered days off.
  • Transport: Check the drive to childcare, schools, supermarkets and medical services.
  • Contract security: Prefer a permanent written employment agreement with clear pay, hours, accommodation terms and notice provisions.

If one parent plans to provide most of the childcare, consider whether the other parent can take a farm role with predictable hours. On some farms, both adults working full-time in milking can be difficult to coordinate with a young child.

Where to look for dairy jobs

Search for terms such as dairy farm assistant, farm worker, dairy farm couple, permanent dairy assistant and farm assistant with accommodation.

Let me narrow it down for your family

I can make a more practical shortlist based on your circumstances rather than just the biggest dairy regions.

Ask anything

ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Gemini · New Zealand country setting

best places in New Zealand for year-round dairy work with a partner and young child

When looking for year-round dairy work in New Zealand as a couple or family (with a partner and a young child), certain regions offer a combination of steady employment, strong industry infrastructure, on-farm housing, and good community support for families.

At the national level, the top regions for year-round dairy farming—along with what they offer families—include the following:

1. Waikato (The Dairy Heartland)

  • Why it fits: Waikato is New Zealand’s premier dairy region, accounting for over a third of the national dairy herd. Because of its massive scale and long-established history, it has the highest concentration of dairy jobs, ranging from entry-level farm assistants to herd managers and sharemilking positions.
  • For partners and children: The region features a dense network of rural schools, playgroups, and family-oriented rural communities. Its proximity to major hubs like Hamilton means access to healthcare, shopping, and family activities is relatively straightforward. Many positions here also offer free or subsidized on-farm housing (often separate, standalone homes), which is a major bonus for families.
  • Work consistency: While spring is peak calving season nationwide, Waikato has a high proportion of large-scale operations, corporate farms, and systemic structures that provide stable, year-round employment without major seasonal drop-offs.

2. Canterbury Plains

  • Why it fits: Canterbury is a powerhouse for South Island dairying. Farms here tend to be larger, highly modernized, and heavily irrigated, often utilizing large rotary sheds or specialized housing systems.
  • For partners and children: Canterbury farming often comes with structured rosters (such as 8-and-2 or similar regular time-off arrangements) that provide a better predictable work-life balance for young families. Towns throughout the region (like Ashburton, Rangiora, or smaller rural townships) boast strong community infrastructure, modern sports clubs, and good local schooling. On-farm houses provided with jobs are often modern due to the relative newer expansion of dairy infrastructure in the South Island.
  • Work consistency: Because many Canterbury farms use integrated wintering or feed pads, operations run smoothly year-round, meaning steady, secure employment for couples where one or both might want work.

3. Taranaki

  • Why it fits: Taranaki has rich volcanic soils, a temperate climate, and a deeply ingrained dairy culture. It is famous for its picturesque coastal and mountain-view farms stretching between Mount Taranaki and the sea.
  • For partners and children: Taranaki offers a tight-knit, community-focused lifestyle that is exceptionally safe and welcoming for young children. Local schools and country clubs are deeply intertwined with farming life. Towns like Hawera, Stratford, and New Plymouth offer a balanced mix of rural living with easy access to beaches and parks.
  • Work consistency: Traditional pasture-based systems dominate, but there is strong support for career progression, making it a great region if you plan to move up from farm assistant or 2IC (Second in Charge) roles into management over time.

4. Southland

  • Why it fits: Located in the "Deep South," Southland features large-scale, highly productive dairy units. It has experienced major dairy growth over the last two decades, meaning modern facilities and an influx of progressive farming families.
  • For partners and children: Southland communities are renowned for being fiercely supportive of families. Rural schools are well-funded and active. While winters are colder and require more robust winter management (such as cows wintered off on forage crops), the summer months are long and mild.
  • Work consistency: Large operations often hire couples (e.g., one partner working full-time as a manager/assistant, and the other working part-time, relief milking, or handling calf-rearing contracts during the season), providing dual income opportunities while living on-farm.

Key Considerations for Families:

  • On-Farm Housing: Most dairy jobs in New Zealand include a house included in the employment package. When applying as a family with a young child, always check the condition, insulation, and number of bedrooms in the provided house, as well as its proximity to local schools and early childhood education centers.
  • Partner Employment: Many farms are eager to employ couples. While one partner may take a primary role (like Herd Manager or Assistant), farms frequently look for reliable part-time help for milking shifts or calf rearing, which can suit a partner wanting flexible hours around a young child.
  • Rosters and Work-Life Balance: Look for operations advertising structured rosters (e.g., 5-and-2 or 11-and-3). Modern dairy farms increasingly prioritize predictable hours to prevent burnout, which is crucial when raising a toddler.
Ask Gemini

Gemini is AI and can make mistakes.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Google AI Mode · New Zealand country setting

best places in New Zealand for year-round dairy work with a partner and young child

When looking for year-round dairy work in New Zealand that accommodates a family with a partner and a young child, your choice of region depends heavily on the style of farming, infrastructure, and community support you want. New Zealand’s major dairy heartlands offer distinct advantages for families.

You can browse current job listings and employer setups on platforms like Seek Farming Jobs or NZ Farming Jobs. 132 Dairy Farm Work jobs in New Zealand - SeekJobs | NZ Farming Jobs

1. Waikato (The Dairy Heartland)

  • The Vibe : The spiritual home of Kiwi dairy, accounting for nearly a third of the national herd.

  • Why it’s great for families: Because it's a mature dairy region, infrastructure is dense. Towns like Cambridge , Te Awamutu , and Morrinsville offer great schools, healthcare, and community activities for young families. It’s also close to Hamilton , making it easy for a partner to find off-farm work or access diverse amenities.

  • Work Availability: High concentration of year-round operations, sharemilking, and wage-manager positions. It has a mild climate, though winters can be wet. [Pasture.io]

2. Canterbury (Large-Scale & Irrigation)

  • The Vibe: Characterised by large-scale, flat, highly irrigated, and sophisticated corporate or large family-owned dairy units.

  • Why it’s great for families: Canterbury farming often comes with structured rosters (e.g., 8-and-2 or similar regular time off), which is fantastic for family life with a young child. Rural communities near towns like Ashburton , Rangiora , or Geraldine have modern schools and active young-farmer networks. Christchurch is also close by for major services.

  • Work Availability: Plentiful year-round jobs due to large herd sizes and winter milking/support-land operations.

3. Southland (Growth & Affordability)

  • The Vibe: Intensive, highly productive pasture-based farming with larger-scale South Island herds.

  • Why it’s great for families: Southland offers a tight-knit, welcoming rural community culture where neighbors look out for each other. Housing and cost of living tend to be more affordable compared to parts of the North Island or Canterbury , which helps if you're saving toward farm ownership or higher equity tiers.

  • Work Availability: Strong demand for reliable, skilled labour year-round. Note that winters are colder and longer, which requires adjustment if you are moving from further north.

4. Taranaki (Traditional & Scenic)

  • The Vibe: Steeped in dairy history with fertile volcanic soils nestled under Mt Taranaki.

  • Why it’s great for families: A very stable, community-oriented region with a strong family-farm heritage. Coastal and inland towns offer a slower, community-focused pace of life, and New Plymouth provides great city amenities nearby.

  • Work Availability: Plenty of traditional family-owned farms and long-term stable positions, though farm sizes can be smaller on average than in Canterbury or Southland.

Key Factors to Consider for a Young Family

  • On-Farm Housing: Most dairy jobs (Herd Manager, Assistant Manager, 2IC) include a free or subsidised house on the property. Check the quality and insulation of the house, and its distance from the nearest early childhood education (ECE) or primary school.

  • Partner Employment: If your partner also wants to work (either on the same farm, a neighboring farm, or off-farm), regions closer to larger regional hubs—like Waikato (near Hamilton) or Canterbury (near Christchurch /Ashburton)—offer more diverse job opportunities for dual-income households.

  • Roster & Hours: Look for operations that explicitly promote work-life balance and fair rosters, especially during peak calving (spring) when hours are long. [farmstaysnewzealand.co.nz]

If you'd like to narrow this down, let me know:

  • What position level are you looking for (e.g., Farm Assistant, Herd Manager, 2IC)?
  • Does your partner also intend to work on the farm or look for off-farm employment?
  • Do you prefer a milder North Island climate or the larger-scale systems of the South Island?
Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026

AI Overviews · New Zealand country setting

best places in New Zealand for year-round dairy work with a partner and young child

AI Overview

Finding the right region for year-round dairy work in New Zealand requires balancing steady farm employment, family-friendly infrastructure, and suitable housing. In the New Zealand dairy sector, many full-time positions offer on-farm housing as a standard benefit.

When moving with a partner and a young child, prioritizing regions that offer moderate winter climates, robust rural networks, and easy access to early childhood education and healthcare is essential.

1. Waikato (The Dairy Heartland) 🥛

The Waikato region is the ultimate destination for year-round dairy work, holding nearly a third of the country's national herd.

  • The Environment: It features flat-to-rolling green pastures and a mild, temperate climate. Winters are significantly warmer and less harsh than in the South Island.
  • Family Benefits: Because it is New Zealand's primary dairy hub, rural communities are closely connected. You will never be far from a regional township offering medical centers, playgroups, and supermarkets.
  • The Work: Farms here range from smaller, family-owned properties to massive corporate setups, offering diverse employment opportunities. The concentration of farms means finding stable, long-term employment is highly achievable.

2. Canterbury (The High-Production Plains) 🚜

Canterbury has evolved into a powerhouse for New Zealand dairy, characterized by massive, highly automated, and irrigated flat plains.

  • The Environment: Winters are crisp and cold, but summers are long and hot. The terrain is completely flat, which makes navigating the farm slightly easier with a young family.
  • Family Benefits: Canterbury farms are often located near large rural hubs like Ashburton or the outer districts of Christchurch. This proximity guarantees quick access to comprehensive healthcare, schooling, and family amenities.
  • The Work: Canterbury is famous for having the largest average herd sizes in the country. These farms operate with larger teams rather than a solo format, providing a built-in community of other farming families and explicit opportunities for career progression.

3. Taranaki (The Coastal Grasslands) 🏔️

Taranaki is a traditional and deeply rooted dairying region located on the west coast of the North Island, sweeping around the base of Mount Taranaki.

  • The Environment: Volcanic soils and reliable, steady rainfall mean the grass grows exceptionally well year-round. The climate remains temperate and coastal.
  • Family Benefits: Taranaki has a proud, tight-knit farming culture. Rural community groups, local sports clubs, and small-town playcenters are highly active and welcoming to new families.
  • The Work: The region is historically comprised of smaller, family-run farms. For a couple with a young child, these environments can offer a more personal relationship with your employer and a gentler introduction to the Kiwi lifestyle.

4. Southland (The Intensive Grasslands) 🌿

Located at the bottom of the South Island, Southland is a major dairy exporter with expansive, high-performing pastoral setups.

  • The Environment: It experiences very cold, damp winters and a shorter growing season, meaning winter management of stock is an intense part of the year-round cycle.
  • Family Benefits: Southland offers lower relative living costs, incredibly welcoming rural communities, and a great outdoor lifestyle if you enjoy wide-open spaces.
  • The Work: Similar to Canterbury, Southland farms boast larger herds and corporate-backed systems. Because of its remote nature, employers are highly motivated to attract long-term staff, making them much more willing to offer premium, fully insulated family-sized housing to secure a reliable couple.

Key Factors to Evaluate with Farm Employers

To ensure a smooth transition for your family, keep these specific structural elements in mind during your job search:

Consideration What to Look For
Accommodation Ask for photos or a viewing of the home to ensure it complies with New Zealand's Healthy Homes Standards (heat pump, insulation, and extraction) to protect your child during winter.
Rosters Look for farms offering a 5-on, 2-off or 8-on, 4-off roster rather than intensive 11-on, 3-off cycles to safeguard your family time.
Partner Work If your partner intends to work, clarify if the farm can offer casual hours during peak seasons (like calf-rearing) or look for a region close to a main road for off-farm job options.

If you'd like to narrow this down further, let me know:

  • What is your level of dairy farming experience? (e.g., entry-level, milking experience, herd management?)
  • Do you prefer a milder climate or are you comfortable with colder winters?
  • Will you be relying on on-farm housing , or are you looking to rent independently?
Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026