Evidence · Immigration

Immigration: questions, answers and evidence

Read all 797 original answers and the tables behind the findings. The 27 missing answers are from the China comparison on three platforms.

questions
143
captured answers
797
missing responses
27
answers collected
15–20 October 2026

01

Every question, with its answers

Each question was written as a voter would ask it and went to all four assistants. Some were also asked from a town. Open a question to read every answer to it in full.

Showing 20 of 143 questions

02

The tables behind the study

Every figure on the study page comes from these tables. They are CSV files, which open in any spreadsheet.

  • Complete AI answers

    answers.csv

    One complete original answer, with the question, platform, country setting and migrant profile.

    question_id, surface_code, location_ref, result_id, prompt_id, platform, scan_id, collection_panel, question_text, response_text

  • The questions we asked

    question-catalogue.csv

    One question with the migrant profile, wording and purpose.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

  • Planned questions, platforms and countries

    execution-assignments.csv

    One question, platform and country we planned to collect an answer from.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

  • The 27 missing answers

    missing-cells.csv

    One expected answer that was not collected.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

  • Locations named for each migrant profile

    location-by-persona.csv

    How often a place was named in the twelve New Zealand answers for each migrant profile.

    persona, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles, wording_count, surface_count

  • Locations named across question wordings

    location-by-wording.csv

    One profile, platform and place, showing which versions of the question led to an answer naming the place.

    persona, surface, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles

  • Locations named by collection country

    location-by-region.csv

    One place and country setting; the China comparison has nine answers on Google AI Mode only.

    region, place, answers, denominator, surfaces

  • Eight countries on Google AI Mode

    location-ai-mode-eight-regions.csv

    One place and country across the same nine questions on Google AI Mode.

    region, place, answers, denominator

  • Matched local and overseas answers

    matched-region-answer-pairs.csv

    A New Zealand answer alongside the same question and platform using another country setting.

    region, surface, persona, question_id, result_id, nz_result_id, same_place_set, jaccard, added_names, omitted_names

  • Topics explicitly raised in the answers

    signals-by-output-platform.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by topic and platform.

    output, surface, signal, answers, denominator

  • Topics raised for each migrant profile

    signals-by-persona-output.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by migrant profile and topic.

    output, persona, signal, answers, denominator

  • Website addresses in captured answers

    captured-answer-links.csv

    Web addresses saved in the original answers, with image and file links identified.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, url, domain, host_class, image_or_asset

  • Extra table: links excluding images and files

    captured-links-by-platform.csv

    One platform across the same 143 New Zealand questions. The table excludes image and file links; the main Sources section counts those links.

    surface, denominator, answers_with_links, answers_with_govt_links

  • Captured answer lengths

    platform-answer-length.csv

    One platform across the same 143 local questions.

    surface, answers, median_words, mean_words

  • Recorded websites by answer

    sources-by-answer.csv

    Each website recorded as a source for an answer, with the page addresses and number of statements linked to the website.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, publisher, claim_count, source_urls

  • Recorded sources and their original claims

    source-claim-ledger.csv

    Sources attached to individual statements, with the original answer, quotation and source passage.

    narrative_id, claim_id, question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, url, source_passage, claim_quote, quote_exact

  • Answers with sources and answers with links

    source-answer-coverage.csv

    Each New Zealand answer, showing whether sources were recorded and whether the answer text contains a web link.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, associated_websites, had_sources, literal_url_answer

  • Website publisher classifications

    source-publisher-classification.csv

    Each website, the type of organisation behind the website and the reason for the category. Unconfirmed types remain Other.

    domain, publisher, basis, source

  • Tone toward each place

    place-sentiment-ledger.csv

    One named place in one answer, with the positive, neutral, negative or mixed label, supporting passages and reason. All 108 New Zealand answers about where to live were reviewed.

    result_id, question_id, prompt_id, persona, assistant, region, place, stance, paragraph_numbers, supporting_passages, display_passage, reason, answer_sha256, reviewed_on

  • Facts supplied in each question

    prompt-reporting-eligibility.csv

    Every question, with corrected descriptions of the facts stated and limits on interpreting its answers.

    question_id, reviewed_on, prompt_sha256, original_stated_facts, corrected_stated_facts, metadata_changed, destination_explicit, descriptive_counts_included, interpretation_rule

  • Sources across question styles

    source-wording-incidence.csv

    One website, profile, topic and platform, with answer totals, question styles and the original answer references.

    persona, output, surface, domain, answers_with_source, eligible_answers, wording_styles_with_source, eligible_wording_styles, observed_styles, eligible_styles, answer_ids, by_style

  • Questions with corrected fact descriptions

    question-catalogue-reviewed.csv

    The unchanged original question text with fact descriptions reviewed on 28 October 2026.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

  • Statements checked against official sources

    statement-checks.csv

    One checked statement, with its exact passage, verdict, official source, review date and original answer reference.

    check_id, measure_id, question_checked, result_id, prompt_id, question_id, persona, assistant, wording, exact_statement, verdict, what_the_source_says, source_name, source_url, checked_on, answer_sha256

  • Policy questions covered by the checks

    statement-measures.csv

    One policy question, showing checked statements, original answers and the question wordings represented.

    measure_id, question_checked, checked_statements, distinct_answers, wording_styles_with_checked_assertions, wording_styles, answer_ids, question_ids, scope

Use the question and answer numbers to follow the evidence between tables. Locations named in warnings and comparisons count. Sources attached to an answer and web links in the answer text are counted separately.

03

The reviewed evidence

We read all 108 New Zealand answers about where to live to assess the tone toward each named place. A separate selection of 41 answers explores practical advice and contrasts across topics. The original policy checks were made on 22 October and expanded on 28 October 2026; verdicts cover selected statements, not every answer.

ChatGPT · New Zealand country setting

total cost of postgraduate study and living in New Zealand on a limited budget

Total cost of postgraduate study and living in New Zealand

For a student on a limited budget, the total cost of postgraduate study in New Zealand depends mainly on whether you qualify for domestic or international tuition fees, the length of your course, and how cheaply you can arrange accommodation.

All figures below are in New Zealand dollars (NZD) and are planning estimates for 2026. International postgraduate tuition typically ranges from NZ$20,000 to NZ$45,000 per year, while living costs can be around NZ$18,000–NZ$27,000 annually, depending on where and how you live. Tuition fees and cost of livingPostgraduate fees for international students

1. Estimated total cost

Assumes full-time study, a single student, shared accommodation and no dependants.

Expense International student (1 year) International student (2 years)
Tuition fees $20,000–$45,000 $40,000–$90,000
Living expenses $18,000–$22,000 $36,000–$44,000
Insurance, books and other costs $1,500–$3,000 $3,000–$6,000
Estimated total $39,500–$70,000 $79,000–$140,000

These are broad budgeting estimates, not university quotations. Some subjects cost considerably more, and relocation, visa fees and flights can add to the total.

2. What if you are a domestic student?

If you are a New Zealand citizen or eligible resident, the cost can be much lower because domestic tuition fees are subsidised for eligible students.

For example, the University of Auckland's published 2026 fees for a Master of Education are approximately NZ$9,392–$9,575 per year for domestic students, compared with NZ$43,674 for international students. Actual fees vary by programme and eligibility. Master of EducationPostgraduate fees for domestic students

Study situation Estimated tuition + living per year
Domestic student $27,000–$35,000
International student $39,500–$70,000

These estimates assume shared housing and a relatively economical lifestyle. The domestic estimate uses a broad tuition allowance, not a guaranteed fee for every qualification.

3. A limited-budget living plan

A realistic target for a student sharing a house, cooking at home and limiting discretionary spending is around NZ$1,500–$1,850 per month, or NZ$18,000–$22,200 per year. Your actual costs will depend on rent, transport and location. Tuition fees and cost of livingLiving in New Zealand

Monthly expense Budget estimate
Room in a shared house $650–$900
Groceries $350–$450
Power and internet share $70–$120
Public transport $60–$120
Mobile phone $20–$30
Personal, study and miscellaneous expenses $150–$230
Total per month $1,300–$1,850

These are suggested budget allowances, not fixed national prices. They assume you rent a room rather than a whole flat, prepare most meals yourself and avoid owning a car.

4. Extra costs to plan for

For international students, the cost of studying is more than tuition and rent.

  • Student visa: the Fee Paying Student Visa currently starts at NZ$850. Fee Paying Student Visa » Immigration New Zealand
  • Insurance: medical and travel insurance is generally required for international students, subject to applicable exceptions.
  • Flights and arrival costs: budget separately for airfare, temporary accommodation, rental bond, household essentials and travel to your education provider.
  • Books and equipment: allow for course-specific materials, a laptop if needed, and any laboratory or fieldwork expenses.
  • Emergency savings: aim to keep a reserve for unexpected medical, housing or travel costs.

Student visa funds requirement

Immigration New Zealand requires tertiary students studying for one year or more to show NZ$20,000 per year for living expenses, or NZ$1,667 per month for courses shorter than one year. This is separate from tuition fees and outward-travel funds. It is a visa evidence requirement, not a guarantee that NZ$20,000 will cover every student's actual costs. Fee Paying Student Visa » Immigration New ZealandStudent fund requirements :: Immigration New Zealand

5. How to make postgraduate study cheaper

  1. Choose shared accommodation

Renting a room and sharing household bills can save substantially compared with living alone. Compare accommodation options and transport costs together before choosing where to study.

  1. Compare tuition fees before choosing a university

Check the total qualification cost, not just the first year's fees. A shorter qualification may cost less overall, provided it meets your career goals.

  1. Look for scholarships and funded research

Check university scholarships, faculty awards and research assistant opportunities. International PhD students may qualify for domestic-rate tuition at New Zealand universities, making a PhD much cheaper than a taught master's in some cases. International tuition costsTuition fees and cost of living

  1. Treat part-time earnings as a bonus

Some student visas permit work for up to 25 hours per week, depending on visa conditions. Don't rely on future earnings to cover all your tuition or initial living costs. Fee Paying Student Visa » Immigration New Zealand

6. Work out your personal budget

I can narrow this down to a more realistic total for your situation. Choose the options below; you can leave any field blank if you're unsure.

Useful official resources:

My main recommendation: if you're an international student paying your own way, prioritise scholarships, a lower-cost eligible programme and shared housing. If you're eligible for domestic fees, your overall budget may be substantially lower.

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ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Gemini · New Zealand country setting

total cost of postgraduate study and living in New Zealand on a limited budget

Planning postgraduate study in New Zealand on a limited budget requires a careful look at both tuition fees and regional living costs. Total expenses vary heavily depending on whether you qualify as a domestic student (New Zealand/Australia citizens and permanent residents) or an international student, as well as the city you choose.


1. Tuition Fees for Postgraduate Study (Per Year)

Postgraduate programs typically span 1 to 2 years (e.g., a 180-point or 240-point Master’s degree).

  • Domestic Students:
    • Taught / Research Master’s & Postgraduate Diplomas: Roughly NZD $7,000 to $12,000 per year (heavily subsidized by the government, varying by discipline).
    • PhD Study: Standardized closer to domestic rates, roughly NZD $6,500 to $9,000 per year.
  • International Students:
    • Taught Postgraduate / Master’s Degrees: Range from NZD $22,000 to $45,000+ per year depending on the institution and subject (humanities and arts are on the lower end; engineering, computer science, and healthcare can push past NZD $50,000).

2. Estimated Cost of Living on a Budget

To live frugally as a student in New Zealand—sharing a flat, cooking at home, and using public transport—you should budget between NZD $1,400 and $2,000 per month (approximately NZD $16,800 to $24,000 per year), excluding tuition.

Location is the single biggest factor in living expenses:

  • Affordable Student Cities (e.g., Dunedin, Palmerston North, Hamilton): Living costs track lower, around NZD $1,400 – $1,600/month ($16,800 – $19,200/year). Dunedin (University of Otago) offers a classic, highly walkable student-city lifestyle with cheaper shared flat rents.
  • Mid-Tier Centers (e.g., Christchurch, Wellington): Expect NZD $1,500 – $1,800/month ($18,000 – $21,600/year).
  • Major Metropolitan (Auckland): The most expensive region, where a tight budget will still demand NZD $1,800 – $2,300/month ($21,600 – $27,600/year) largely driven by higher accommodation costs.

Typical Frugal Monthly Budget Breakdown:

  • Shared Accommodation / Rent: NZD $600 – $1,000 (flatting with 2–4 others)
  • Groceries & Basic Food: NZD $300 – $450 (buying home-brand items and shopping at local markets)
  • Utilities (Power, Internet): NZD $120 – $180 (split among flatmates)
  • Transport: NZD $80 – $130 (using student-discounted public transit cards like AT HOP or Metcard, or walking/cycling)
  • Phone, Health Insurance, & Misc: NZD $100 – $180

3. Total Estimated Outlay (Frugal Scenario)

Student Status & Programme Duration Estimated Total Cost (Tuition + Frugal Living)
Domestic Student (1.5 to 2-Year Master's) NZD $35,000 – $55,000 total
International Student (1.5-Year Master's in a regional center / lower-cost program) NZD $60,000 – $80,000 total
International Student (2-Year Master's at a major city university like Auckland) NZD $90,000 – $130,000+ total

Note for International Visa Applicants: Immigration New Zealand requires international students to prove access to at least NZD $20,000 per year for living expenses in addition to your tuition fees.


4. Actionable Cost-Cutting Strategies

  1. Leverage Part-Time Work: Both domestic students and eligible international student visa holders (typically allowed up to 20 hours per week during semesters and full-time during scheduled breaks) can offset living costs via local part-time work. The national minimum wage provides a baseline hourly floor.
  2. Choose Regional Universities: Opting for institutions outside central Auckland (such as the University of Otago, University of Waikato, or Massey University across Palmerston North/Wellington) drastically cuts down yearly rental pressures.
  3. Flat Share Instead of Halls: Avoid expensive on-campus catered halls of residence (which can cost upwards of $350–$500+ per week) and secure an off-campus private flat share immediately.

Are you looking at postgraduate options as a domestic or international student, and do you have a specific field of study or region in mind?

Ask Gemini

Gemini is AI and can make mistakes.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Google AI Mode · New Zealand country setting

total cost of postgraduate study and living in New Zealand on a limited budget

The total minimum cost for a year of postgraduate study and living on a limited budget in New Zealand is approximately NZD $40,000 to $65,000 per year , combining baseline tuition and official minimum living requirements.

For international students, Immigration New Zealand requires proof of at least NZD $20,000 per year (or $1,667 per month) for living expenses, in addition to tuition fees. Domestic students face significantly lower government-subsidized tuition fees, bringing total baseline costs down considerably. [Immigration New Zealand]


Breakdown of Annual Costs on a Budget

Expense Category Annual Cost Range (NZD) Budget Strategy / Notes
Postgraduate Tuition (Domestic) $7,000 – $12,000 Subsidized domestic fees per year (varies heavily by exact field/program).
Postgraduate Tuition (International) $25,000 – $45,000 Full-fee international rate for standard 1–2 year master's/postgrad degrees.
Living Expenses (Official Minimum) $20,000 Mandatory baseline required for visa purposes covering basic survival.
Accommodation (Shared Flat/Room) $7,200 – $11,000 Renting an outside room in a shared house ($140–$210/weekly).
Food & Groceries $4,160 – $6,240 Basic home-cooked groceries ($80–$120/week), avoiding dining out.
Health & Travel Insurance $600 – $1,000 Mandatory international student health cover or local accident/medical levies.

Key Budget Strategies to Lower Costs

  • Choose Affordable Regions: Living in smaller regional university centers or cities (such as Dunedin or Palmerston North) rather than major metropolitan hubs like Auckland significantly reduces weekly accommodation overhead.

  • Shared Accommodation: Renting a room in a flat with multiple roommates cuts utility and rent splits to the bare minimum.

  • Part-Time Work: Eligible student visa holders can work up to 25 hours per week during study terms and full-time during scheduled holidays to offset living expenses.

  • PhDs and Research Pathways: If pursuing a doctoral (PhD) degree, international students pay the same low domestic tuition rates (NZD $6,500–$7,500/year) alongside unlimited work rights. [Aims Global]

If you share your fee status (domestic or international) and the specific field of study , I can provide a more tailored cost estimate.

Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026

AI Overviews · New Zealand country setting

total cost of postgraduate study and living in New Zealand on a limited budget

AI Overview

The total cost of postgraduate study and living in New Zealand on a limited budget generally ranges from NZD $41,350 to NZD $67,550 per year , depending on your field of study and lifestyle.

To secure a student visa, you must legally prove you have a minimum of NZD $20,000 per year (or NZD $1,667 per month) available for living expenses, entirely separate from your tuition fees.


💰 Total Cost Breakdown (Annual Estimates)

Expense Category Budget Estimate (NZD) Key Details & Savings Tips
Postgraduate Tuition $20,000 – $45,000 Arts and humanities are usually cheaper; STEM or specialized professional master's degrees cost more. (Note: PhDs qualify for domestic rates of ~$7,000–$10,500/year).
Living Expenses $20,000 – $25,000 The legal minimum required for a visa is $20,000. You can expect to realistically spend up to $25,000 depending on your location.
Visa & Insurance $1,650 – $2,550 • Fee Paying Student Visa: $850
• Compulsory Medical/Travel Insurance: $800 – $1,200
Student Services Fee $900 – $1,200 A compulsory fee charged annually by universities for on-campus student services.
Total Annual Budget $43,550 – $73,750 Total cost of tuition, living expenses, and compulsory student fees.

🛒 Managing a Tight Living Budget (Weekly Breakdown)

To keep your living costs close to the $20,000 minimum (~$385 per week), you must make highly economical choices:

  • Accommodation ($140 – $250/week): Opting for a room in a shared flat (house share) outside central business districts is the cheapest route. Student halls and private apartments are significantly more expensive.
  • Groceries ($80 – $120/week): Shopping at budget supermarkets (like Pak'nSave) and cooking your own meals is essential. Tap water is completely safe and free.
  • Transport ($25 – $45/week): Utilize tertiary student discounts on local buses and trains via regional transit cards (like the AT Hop card or Snapper).

💼 Offsetting Costs: Work Rights

International postgraduate students can work part-time up to 25 hours per week during regular school terms and full-time during official holidays.

  • Research Master's and PhD students enjoy unlimited work hours.
  • The adult minimum wage is NZD $23.95 per hour. Working 25 hours a week at minimum wage can earn you roughly $598 before tax, which can heavily offset weekly living expenses.

If you would like to map out your budget further, please let me know your intended field of study or whether you are considering a taught master's, research master's, or PhD program.

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Captured 15–20 October 2026