Search studies, brands and more…⌘ KExplore research

Evidence · Immigration

Immigration: questions, answers and evidence

Read all 797 original answers and the tables behind the findings. The 27 missing answers are from the China comparison on three platforms.

questions
143
captured answers
797
missing responses
27
answers collected
15–20 October 2026

01

Every question, with its answers

Each question was written as a voter would ask it and went to all four assistants. Some were also asked from a town. Open a question to read every answer to it in full.

Showing 20 of 143 questions

Show all 143

02

The tables behind the study

Every figure on the study page comes from these tables. They are CSV files, which open in any spreadsheet.

  • Complete AI answers

    answers.csv

    One complete original answer, with the question, platform, country setting and migrant profile.

    question_id, surface_code, location_ref, result_id, prompt_id, platform, scan_id, collection_panel, question_text, response_text

    797rows

    Download complete ai answers (CSV)

  • The questions we asked

    question-catalogue.csv

    One question with the migrant profile, wording and purpose.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

    143rows

    Download the questions we asked (CSV)

  • Planned questions, platforms and countries

    execution-assignments.csv

    One question, platform and country we planned to collect an answer from.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

    824rows

    Download planned questions, platforms and countries (CSV)

  • The 27 missing answers

    missing-cells.csv

    One expected answer that was not collected.

    question_id, collection_panel, location_name, location_ref, surface, surface_code

    27rows

    Download the 27 missing answers (CSV)

  • Locations named for each migrant profile

    location-by-persona.csv

    How often a place was named in the twelve New Zealand answers for each migrant profile.

    persona, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles, wording_count, surface_count

    342rows

    Download locations named for each migrant profile (CSV)

  • Locations named across question wordings

    location-by-wording.csv

    One profile, platform and place, showing which versions of the question led to an answer naming the place.

    persona, surface, place, answers, denominator, wording_styles

    1,368rows

    Download locations named across question wordings (CSV)

  • Locations named by collection country

    location-by-region.csv

    One place and country setting; the China comparison has nine answers on Google AI Mode only.

    region, place, answers, denominator, surfaces

    304rows

    Download locations named by collection country (CSV)

  • Eight countries on Google AI Mode

    location-ai-mode-eight-regions.csv

    One place and country across the same nine questions on Google AI Mode.

    region, place, answers, denominator

    304rows

    Download eight countries on google ai mode (CSV)

  • Matched local and overseas answers

    matched-region-answer-pairs.csv

    A New Zealand answer alongside the same question and platform using another country setting.

    region, surface, persona, question_id, result_id, nz_result_id, same_place_set, jaccard, added_names, omitted_names

    261rows

    Download matched local and overseas answers (CSV)

  • Topics explicitly raised in the answers

    signals-by-output-platform.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by topic and platform.

    output, surface, signal, answers, denominator

    1,120rows

    Download topics explicitly raised in the answers (CSV)

  • Topics raised for each migrant profile

    signals-by-persona-output.csv

    How often selected words and phrases appeared, by migrant profile and topic.

    output, persona, signal, answers, denominator

    1,876rows

    Download topics raised for each migrant profile (CSV)

  • Website addresses in captured answers

    captured-answer-links.csv

    Web addresses saved in the original answers, with image and file links identified.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, url, domain, host_class, image_or_asset

    2,003rows

    Download website addresses in captured answers (CSV)

  • Extra table: links excluding images and files

    captured-links-by-platform.csv

    One platform across the same 143 New Zealand questions. The table excludes image and file links; the main Sources section counts those links.

    surface, denominator, answers_with_links, answers_with_govt_links

    4rows

    Download extra table: links excluding images and files (CSV)

  • Captured answer lengths

    platform-answer-length.csv

    One platform across the same 143 local questions.

    surface, answers, median_words, mean_words

    4rows

    Download captured answer lengths (CSV)

  • Recorded websites by answer

    sources-by-answer.csv

    Each website recorded as a source for an answer, with the page addresses and number of statements linked to the website.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, publisher, claim_count, source_urls

    1,462rows

    Download recorded websites by answer (CSV)

  • Recorded sources and their original claims

    source-claim-ledger.csv

    Sources attached to individual statements, with the original answer, quotation and source passage.

    narrative_id, claim_id, question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, domain, url, source_passage, claim_quote, quote_exact

    3,105rows

    Download recorded sources and their original claims (CSV)

  • Answers with sources and answers with links

    source-answer-coverage.csv

    Each New Zealand answer, showing whether sources were recorded and whether the answer text contains a web link.

    question_id, result_id, prompt_id, surface, surface_code, region, output, persona, wording, panel, words, raw_page, transcript, associated_websites, had_sources, literal_url_answer

    572rows

    Download answers with sources and answers with links (CSV)

  • Website publisher classifications

    source-publisher-classification.csv

    Each website, the type of organisation behind the website and the reason for the category. Unconfirmed types remain Other.

    domain, publisher, basis, source

    332rows

    Download website publisher classifications (CSV)

  • Tone toward each place

    place-sentiment-ledger.csv

    One named place in one answer, with the positive, neutral, negative or mixed label, supporting passages and reason. All 108 New Zealand answers about where to live were reviewed.

    result_id, question_id, prompt_id, persona, assistant, region, place, stance, paragraph_numbers, supporting_passages, display_passage, reason, answer_sha256, reviewed_on

    630rows

    Download tone toward each place (CSV)

  • Facts supplied in each question

    prompt-reporting-eligibility.csv

    Every question, with corrected descriptions of the facts stated and limits on interpreting its answers.

    question_id, reviewed_on, prompt_sha256, original_stated_facts, corrected_stated_facts, metadata_changed, destination_explicit, descriptive_counts_included, interpretation_rule

    143rows

    Download facts supplied in each question (CSV)

  • Sources across question styles

    source-wording-incidence.csv

    One website, profile, topic and platform, with answer totals, question styles and the original answer references.

    persona, output, surface, domain, answers_with_source, eligible_answers, wording_styles_with_source, eligible_wording_styles, observed_styles, eligible_styles, answer_ids, by_style

    2,144rows

    Download sources across question styles (CSV)

  • Questions with corrected fact descriptions

    question-catalogue-reviewed.csv

    The unchanged original question text with fact descriptions reviewed on 28 October 2026.

    question_id, question_version, group_id, case_id, asked_for, output_id, module_ids, category, wording_style, prompt_set, collection_panel, comparison_id, exact_text, distinguishing_facts, stated_facts, tags, status

    143rows

    Download questions with corrected fact descriptions (CSV)

  • Statements checked against official sources

    statement-checks.csv

    One checked statement, with its exact passage, verdict, official source, review date and original answer reference.

    check_id, measure_id, question_checked, result_id, prompt_id, question_id, persona, assistant, wording, exact_statement, verdict, what_the_source_says, source_name, source_url, checked_on, answer_sha256

    47rows

    Download statements checked against official sources (CSV)

  • Policy questions covered by the checks

    statement-measures.csv

    One policy question, showing checked statements, original answers and the question wordings represented.

    measure_id, question_checked, checked_statements, distinct_answers, wording_styles_with_checked_assertions, wording_styles, answer_ids, question_ids, scope

    27rows

    Download policy questions covered by the checks (CSV)

Use the question and answer numbers to follow the evidence between tables. Locations named in warnings and comparisons count. Sources attached to an answer and web links in the answer text are counted separately.

03

The reviewed evidence

We read all 108 New Zealand answers about where to live to assess the tone toward each named place. A separate selection of 41 answers explores practical advice and contrasts across topics. The original policy checks were made on 22 October and expanded on 28 October 2026; verdicts cover selected statements, not every answer.

ChatGPT · New Zealand country setting

best places in New Zealand for a returning family with a preschool child when one parent needs work

Best places in New Zealand for a returning family with a preschooler

If you're moving back to New Zealand with a young child and one parent needs to find work, I'd prioritise a strong job market, affordable family housing, good early childhood education (ECE), and a lifestyle that makes settling back in manageable.

My general advice is to choose the place where the working parent has the best realistic employment prospects, while keeping the cost of housing and childcare under control. The most beautiful or cheapest town isn't necessarily the easiest place to restart family life.

My top places to consider

1. Christchurch

Best overall balance

Best for: family space, affordability and a broad range of jobs.

  • Work: healthcare, construction, engineering, manufacturing, education and professional services.
  • Family life: parks, playgrounds, beaches and the Port Hills, with plenty of suburban options.
  • Housing: generally better value than Auckland and Wellington.
  • Trade-off: colder winters, and you'll probably want a car.

Canterbury recorded annual filled-job growth of 1.9% in June 2026, making it an encouraging region to investigate for employment. Employment indicators: June 2026The 15 best places to live in New Zealand (2026)

2. Hamilton

Best for: a practical family base with access to a growing regional economy.

  • Work: healthcare, education, agribusiness, logistics, manufacturing and trades.
  • Family life: a manageable-sized city, river walks, gardens and family activities.
  • Housing: often more attainable than in the largest centres.
  • Trade-off: inland winters can be foggy and frosty; beaches require a drive.

Hamilton is worth serious consideration if you want a city with essential services and a mix of skilled and general employment without Auckland's scale. New Zealand RegionsThe 15 best places to live in New Zealand (2026)

3. Auckland

Best for: maximising the range of potential employers.

  • Work: the broadest market for corporate, technology, finance, healthcare, logistics, trades and many other occupations.
  • Family life: diverse communities, extensive services, beaches and activities.
  • Housing: typically the biggest financial challenge, especially on one income.
  • Trade-off: traffic, commuting and higher living costs.

If the working parent has a specialised profession, Auckland may offer the strongest range of options. The key is finding work and housing in compatible parts of the region. The 15 best places to live in New Zealand (2026)Best Places to Live in New Zealand in 2026 Guide

4. Tauranga

Best for: sunshine, beaches and an outdoor family lifestyle.

  • Work: port and logistics, horticulture, healthcare, construction and trades.
  • Family life: beach outings, parks, a mild climate and outdoor activities.
  • Housing: can be expensive relative to the local salaries available.
  • Trade-off: congestion and a narrower employment market than Auckland.

I'd put Tauranga high on the list if beach access and warm weather are important, but I'd want a credible job lead before committing to a move. New Zealand RegionsBest Places to Live in New Zealand in 2026 Guide

5. Wellington

Best for: government, policy, consulting, technology and selected professional careers.

  • Work: public sector, professional services, technology, education and creative industries.
  • Family life: compact urban neighbourhoods, libraries, museums and waterfront activities.
  • Housing: still relatively costly, although it varies substantially by suburb.
  • Trade-off: wind, hills, and uncertainty in some public-sector employment.

I'd choose Wellington when the working parent's occupation fits its particular job market, rather than simply because it's the capital. New Zealand RegionsBest Places to Live in New Zealand in 2026 Guide

6. Dunedin

Best for: a smaller-city lifestyle with a strong community feel.

  • Work: healthcare, education, university-related employment, trades and selected manufacturing roles.
  • Family life: beaches, wildlife, parks and a less metropolitan pace.
  • Housing: can be more manageable than Auckland, depending on the area.
  • Trade-off: fewer vacancies across some professions and a colder climate.

A good option if the working parent has a relevant job opportunity or can work remotely. New Zealand RegionsThe 15 best places to live in New Zealand (2026)

At a glance

Place Employment choice Family affordability Best reason to choose it
Christchurch High Good Best all-round balance
Hamilton Moderate–high Good Practical family base
Auckland Very high More difficult Widest job market
Tauranga Moderate Mixed Sunshine and beaches
Wellington High in selected fields Moderate–difficult Professional careers
Dunedin Moderate Moderate–good Smaller-city lifestyle

These are broad comparisons, not guarantees of current vacancies or individual household affordability. Your occupation and likely salary could change the ranking considerably. Recent regional employment data is available from Stats NZ. Business employment data: June 2026 quarterThe 15 best places to live in New Zealand (2026)

What matters when you have a preschooler

I'd assess each potential area against four practical considerations:

  • Childcare: availability at a suitable centre, hours that fit the working parent's schedule, fees and eligibility for government-funded ECE.
  • Housing: a warm, dry home with enough space, rather than simply the lowest rent.
  • Daily logistics: whether you can reach work, childcare, groceries and healthcare without exhausting commutes.
  • Support network: nearby grandparents, relatives or friends can make a huge difference when a preschooler is sick or childcare falls through.

One important point: don't assume a smaller town will automatically be cheaper overall. Lower rent can be offset by fewer job options, lower pay or the need for two cars.

My recommendation

I'd start with Christchurch and Hamilton as the strongest all-round shortlist, add Auckland if employment opportunities are the priority, and consider Tauranga if climate and outdoor family life are especially important.

But I can narrow this down quite a lot with one key detail:

What kind of work does the parent who needs a job do? For example, healthcare, teaching, trades, IT, office or administration, management, hospitality, or something else.

That will help determine which places offer the best realistic combination of employment, housing and family life for your particular situation.

Ask anything

ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Gemini · New Zealand country setting

best places in New Zealand for a returning family with a preschool child when one parent needs work

For a returning family with a preschooler where one parent needs to secure employment, the ideal location depends heavily on balancing job market depth (so the working parent can land a role relatively quickly) with family-friendly infrastructure (parks, healthcare, and early childhood education) and housing affordability.

At the country level, New Zealand offers a few standout regions that fit these criteria well, each providing a slightly different lifestyle:

1. Christchurch (Canterbury) — Best All-Rounder for Families & Affordability

  • The Job Market: Christchurch has a robust and diversified economy with strong sectors in construction, engineering, healthcare, technology, and trade services. Because it is the South Island's main economic hub, professional opportunities are steady without the hyper-competition of larger metros.
  • Family & Preschooler Appeal: Christchurch is frequently rated as one of the best cities for families due to its flat, easy layout, world-class modern playgrounds (like Margaret Mahy Playground), extensive cycleways, and close proximity to both the beach and the mountains.
  • The Advantage: It offers a significantly lower cost of living and more affordable housing than Auckland or Wellington, making it easier for a family living on a single income initially to stretch their savings while the second parent job-hunts.

2. Auckland — Best for Maximum Job Opportunities & Diversity

  • The Job Market: As New Zealand’s largest city and economic engine, Auckland has by far the largest and most diverse job market. If the working parent is in corporate sectors, finance, tech, large-scale retail, media, or specialized professions, Auckland offers the highest concentration of roles and quicker rehiring potential.
  • Family & Preschooler Appeal: Auckland is exceptionally multicultural, with vast regional parks, beautiful beaches on both coasts, zoos, and a massive network of early childhood education (ECE) options, playgroups, and plunket services.
  • The Trade-off: Living costs, property prices, and traffic congestion are the highest in the country. Families often choose outer suburbs or satellite towns (like Rodney/Warkworth or Franklin) to get more space while keeping a link to the city's job market.

3. Tauranga & the Western Bay of Plenty — Best for Coastal Lifestyle & Growth

  • The Job Market: Tauranga is one of the country's fastest-growing regions, driven by a booming port, logistics, horticulture, construction, and a growing professional services sector.
  • Family & Preschooler Appeal: It offers a relaxed, sun-drenched, coastal lifestyle centered around outdoor living, surf beaches, and estuaries. It is a very popular destination for young families seeking a slower pace without moving to a remote rural town.
  • The Trade-off: While job opportunities are growing, they are more limited for niche corporate roles compared to Auckland or Wellington, meaning the job search might require a bit more targeted networking.

4. Hamilton (Waikato) — Best Central Hub & Value

  • The Job Market⁠ Hamilton features a strong regional economy anchored by education (University of Waikato), agriculture science, manufacturing, healthcare, and a growing logistics corridor connected tightly to Auckland via the Waikato Expressway.
  • Family & Preschooler Appeal: Hamilton is exceptionally green, boasting the world-famous Hamilton Gardens, excellent family neighborhoods, and a thriving community feel.
  • The Advantage: It provides a lower cost of living than Auckland while remaining close enough that some commuters or remote workers utilize the wider upper-North Island economic zone.

Key Factors to Keep in Mind for a Returning Family:

  • Early Childhood Education (ECE): New Zealand has a well-established ECE system. Children aged 3 and 4 are eligible for the 20 Hours ECE subsidy at participating early childhood services, which significantly cuts down preschool costs once your child turns three.
  • Single-Income Bridge: Because setting up a household upon returning involves setup costs (setting up a IRD number, a New Zealand bank account, securing rentals), targeting regions with moderate living costs like Christchurch or Hamilton can reduce financial stress if the job search takes a few months.
Ask Gemini

Gemini is AI and can make mistakes.

Captured 15–20 October 2026

Google AI Mode · New Zealand country setting

best places in New Zealand for a returning family with a preschool child when one parent needs work

Returning to Aotearoa New Zealand with a preschooler while balancing a single-income or a job hunt requires looking at regions that offer a pragmatic sweet spot: strong or resilient job markets , manageable living costs (so a single income stretches further), and family-friendly infrastructure (parks, ECE/preschool availability, and short commutes).

At the country level, several regional hubs and secondary cities stand out as top contenders for returning families:

** Christchurch (Canterbury)**

  • Why it fits: Christchurch consistently ranks as one of the best-value major urban choices in the country. It features a robust and growing economy (notably in tech, engineering, construction, and healthcare), significantly more affordable housing stock compared to Auckland or Queenstown, and a flat, easily navigable layout.
  • For the family: Short daily commutes mean more hours at home, and the city is packed with modern parks, playgrounds, and easy access to both the beach and the mountains. You can explore local insights via the Christchurch City Council or check regional metrics on Enterprise Canterbury.

Hamilton (Waikato)

  • Why it fits: Hamilton offers a booming local economy anchored by logistics, agritech, science, and healthcare, alongside a lower cost of living than nearby Auckland. The job market is dynamic, and it acts as a central hub with relative proximity to other major North Island centres.
  • For the family: It boasts a youthful demographic, strong community networks, and great family-oriented suburban pockets with ample green spaces. More information on local initiatives can be found through Hamilton City Council.

Tauranga (Bay of Plenty)

  • Why it fits: Tauranga has a thriving, fast-growing economy driven by horticulture, port logistics, construction, and professional services. While housing has grown more expensive, the region offers a booming job market and an enviable coastal climate.
  • For the family: It is an incredible playground for an active family with a young child, offering safe beaches, warm weather, and a relaxed outdoor lifestyle. Check out community resources via Tauranga City Council.

Palmerston North (Manawatū-Whanganui)

  • Why it fits: For high employment stability and affordability, "Palmy" is a hidden gem. Driven by education, research (Massey University), logistics, and government sectors, the city features a remarkably low cost of living and accessible housing.
  • For the family: It is exceptionally family-focused with a strong multicultural community, short travel times, and wonderful community facilities for toddlers and young children. You can look at regional development info via Central Economic Development Agency (CEDA).

Nelson / Tasman

  • Why it fits: Nelson-Tasman offers some of the highest sunshine hours in the country, a thriving regional economy (horticulture, marine innovation, forestry, and tourism), and a vibrant arts community.
  • For the family: It provides a safe, tight-knit, slow-paced provincial lifestyle where you aren't sacrificing career opportunities for a pristine environment. Explore local living details through Nelson City Council.

To help narrow down the ideal region for your family, could you tell me:

  • What industry or field does the working parent need employment in?
  • Do you prefer a larger city vibe (like Christchurch) or a smaller provincial/coastal centre (like Nelson or Palmerston North)?
Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026

AI Overviews · New Zealand country setting

best places in New Zealand for a returning family with a preschool child when one parent needs work

AI Overview

Returning to New Zealand with a preschooler while transitioning down to a single income requires a strategic balance between job market accessibility , housing affordability , and community-centric living.

Several regions standout at the country level for providing a high standard of living, reliable employment hubs, and an ideal environment for a young family.

Top Regions for Returning Families

The following locations balance career opportunities for the working parent with an enriching, slower-paced lifestyle for a preschool child:

1. Taranaki (Focus: New Plymouth)

  • The Vibe: Consistently recognized as one of the most liveable mid-sized regions globally, it offers an exceptional "mountain-to-sea" lifestyle where beaches and parks are minutes away.
  • For the Working Parent: Features a resilient economy traditionally backed by engineering, energy, agriculture, and a growing tech/creative sector. It is an ideal spot to secure professional work without major city congestion.
  • For the Preschooler: Home to the award-winning Puke Ariki Museum (which features interactive family exhibits) and the Todd Energy Aquatic Centre. The region boasts fantastic community playgroups and very accessible coastal walkways.
  • Single-Income Feasibility: House prices and rental markets are significantly more digestible than in major metros, taking some pressure off a single-income household.

2. Nelson-Tasman

  • The Vibe : Known as New Zealand’s sunshine capital, this region offers an idyllic, outdoors-focused environment perfect for early childhood.
  • For the Working Parent: While salaries can be lower than in Auckland or Wellington, there is a steady job market centered around horticulture, tourism, seafood, forestry, and regional commerce.
  • For the Preschooler: Incredible access to calm, safe swimming beaches (like Tahunanui), highly rated early childhood centers, and a strong community of young families.
  • Single-Income Feasibility: According to regional cost analysis, three-bedroom rental averages hover around $560 weekly , making comfortable living highly achievable on a single income compared to the main metros.

3. Canterbury (Focus: Christchurch & Surrounds)

  • The Vibe : A flat, highly structured city that was rebuilt with modern family infrastructure at its core.
  • For the Working Parent: As the South Island's largest economic hub, it provides the most diverse job market outside of Auckland and Wellington, spanning tech, manufacturing, construction, and public services.
  • For the Preschooler: Exceptional family amenities including the Canterbury Museum , the world-class Margaret Mahy Family Playground, the Christchurch Botanic Gardens , and nearby wildlife parks.
  • Single-Income Feasibility: While more expensive than Nelson or New Plymouth, Canterbury offers much better housing value and lower living costs than Auckland, allowing single-income earners to buy or rent larger properties.

4. Otago (Focus: Dunedin)

  • The Vibe : A historic university city that blends a rich cultural scene with some of the country’s lowest family living costs.
  • For the Working Parent: Major employment fields include education (University of Otago), healthcare, tech startups, and regional governance.
  • For the Preschooler: Dunedin offers easy access to unique wildlife (like the local penguin colonies) and highly supportive community networks.
  • Single-Income Feasibility: Boasting highly competitive median house prices and rentals averaging around $490 weekly , it allows a returning family to maximize their savings and live comfortably on one paycheck.

Key Factors to Consider on Arrival

  • ECE Hours: Remember that New Zealand offers 20 hours of free Early Childhood Education (ECE) per week for children aged 3 to 5, which significantly eases the financial transition for a preschooler.
  • Car Dependency: Outside of major metro centers, public transit can be limited. Budgeting for a reliable family car is essential for navigating daily life with a toddler.

To help narrow down the best fit, what industry or field does the working parent specialize in, and what is your preferred climate or landscape (e.g., beaches, mountains, or warmer weather)?

Ask anything

Captured 15–20 October 2026