Evidence · NZ Election 2026 · Edition 3

Every question, every answer, every source

All 174 questions and the 793 answers produced on 16 October 2026. The 27 remaining cells produced no AI Overview.

questions
174
answers saved
793
collected
16 Oct 2026

01

Every question, with its answers

Each question was written as a voter would ask it and went to all four assistants. Some were also asked from a town. Open a question to read every answer to it in full.

Showing 20 of 174 questions

02

The tables behind the study

Every figure on the study page comes from these tables. They are CSV files, which open in any spreadsheet.

  • Questions

    nz-election-2026-questions.csv

    One row per unchanged question.

    id, draft, text, voterCode, issue, towns

  • Answers

    nz-election-2026-answers.csv

    One row per produced answer, with its complete original text. Parties covers all 17 tracked parties; displayed parties covers the seven charted parties.

    result id, prompt id, draft id, scenario id, platform, region, words, parties, displayed parties, literal url answer, temporal pair, common four platforms, response text

  • Sources by answer

    nz-election-2026-sources.csv

    One row per website associated with an answer; repeated citations count once.

    answer id, question id, assistant, region, domain, publisher

  • Checks against official sources

    nz-election-2026-checks.csv

    One row per reviewed claim and assistant, including cells where the assertion was not stated.

    checkId, claimToTest, category, answerId, questionId, assistant, assertionPresent, assertion, verdict, whatTheSourceSays, checkedOn, evidence

  • Who to vote for: coding

    nz-election-2026-guidance.csv

    One row per manually reviewed guidance answer. Codes overlap; original answers supply the evidence.

    draft, assistant, q, voter, a, declined, matched, shortlist, asked, chose, extract

  • Location and national answers

    nz-election-2026-towns.csv

    One row per matched national/location pair in this edition.

    edition, prompt id, platform, city region, national result id, city result id, same party names, same text

  • Changes between editions

    nz-election-2026-comparisons.csv

    All 17 tracked parties; one row per identical question, assistant and location across the 12 and 16 October collections. Earlier coding restated after the 20 October identity correction.

    earlier edition, prompt id, platform, region, draft id, block, scenario id, scenario, issue, priority, earlier result id, current result id, same party set, added, removed, earlier parties, current parties

  • No AI Overview produced

    nz-election-2026-coverage.csv

    One row per planned cell where no AI Overview was produced.

    questionId, assistant, collectionSetting, askedFrom, availability

  • Party-identity corrections

    nz-election-2026-party-identity-corrections.csv

    Ten reviewed false matches removed from the restated Edition 2 and current Edition 3 comparisons; original answer text is unchanged.

    edition, result id, party, before present, include, reason, reviewer, reviewed on

Use these tables to trace findings back to the original questions and answers. The full text of each answer is also on this page, under its question.

03

Read in full and checked

Some answers were read in detail or checked against official sources. Those appear on the study page, beside the findings they support.

ChatGPT · No location

For the 2026 New Zealand general election: Compare parties' positions on foreign relationships, defence, trade and regional security.

New Zealand general election 2026: Foreign policy, defence, trade and regional security

New Zealand's 2026 general election is an opportunity to compare how parties would position the country in a more contested international environment: between China and traditional security partners, within the Pacific, and in global trade and defence arrangements.

The key questions are how each party would balance economic ties with China, security cooperation with Australia and other partners, New Zealand's independent foreign-policy traditions, and the cost of strengthening defence capabilities.

One important distinction: a party's established foreign-policy record is not necessarily the same as its 2026 election platform. The comparison below separates established policy directions from commitments that need to be confirmed in the parties' latest election material.

1. Party-by-party comparison

The main contrast is between parties that emphasise closer security alignment with traditional partners and parties that put more weight on strategic independence, diplomacy, demilitarisation or Pacific-led security. Trade policy cuts across that divide: parties broadly recognise the need for export growth, but differ on how closely trade should be linked to security, human rights and environmental standards. Speech: New Zealand; an independent voice in the worldSpeech: Labour's foreign policyDemocracy and International RelationsACT New Zealand Policies 2026 — NZ Election

Party Foreign relationships and strategic outlook
National Emphasises established international partnerships, economic growth and closer cooperation with Australia and other security partners. Its 2026 programme prioritises export growth, including a target to double export value by 2034. The precise extent of any new defence commitments should be checked against its latest defence announcements. 2026 Election PolicyAotearoa's National Security Strategy: Secure Together Tō Tātou Korowai Manaaki | Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC)
Labour Advocates an independent but internationally engaged foreign policy: maintain constructive relationships with both the United States and China, work closely with Australia, uphold international law, and avoid being forced to choose between major powers. Speech: New Zealand; an independent voice in the worldSpeech: Labour's foreign policy
Green Party Emphasises independent, principled diplomacy, human rights, international justice, peace and environmental sustainability. It supports conflict prevention and peaceful resolution, and wants trade and foreign investment to meet sustainability and justice objectives. Manifesto 2026Democracy and International Relations
ACT New Zealand Its established policy direction favours deeper integration with Five Eyes partners, stronger defence spending, firmer support for democratic allies facing authoritarian states, and exploring participation in AUKUS security cooperation. ACT New Zealand Policies 2026 — NZ ElectionAUKUS: Managing New Zealand's Strategic Interests
New Zealand First Stresses national sovereignty, active diplomacy, economic resilience and stronger defence capabilities. Its published policy has proposed progressively raising real defence spending to 2% of GDP by 2030, expanding export support and strengthening relationships across the wider Indo-Pacific. 2023 Election PoliciesThe Pacific Reset & the Blue ContinentWinston Peters: "Citizenship and Superannuation"
Te Pāti Māori For a complete comparison, its current detailed positions on defence procurement, military alliances and trade agreements need to be verified directly against its 2026 policy releases. I would not infer its position on those issues solely from its domestic policy platform.

Important qualification: the National, ACT and New Zealand First descriptions draw partly on established policy and government or party records, rather than a fully verified set of final 2026 foreign-policy manifestos. Labour and the Greens have published more explicit material on their international outlook. These distinctions matter when comparing what parties say they will do next with what they have previously supported.

2. Defence and military alliances

The defence debate is about more than the size of the Defence Force budget. It concerns which partners New Zealand would work with, what capabilities it should buy, and how far it should become involved in wider strategic competition.

Issue Where the parties differ
Defence spending New Zealand First has a published 2%-of-GDP-by-2030 target. ACT's established position favours substantially higher defence investment. Labour says spending should follow a clear assessment of the capabilities New Zealand actually needs. 2023 Election PoliciesACT New Zealand Policies 2026 — NZ ElectionSpeech: New Zealand; an independent voice in the world
AUKUS ACT supports exploring participation. Labour leader Chris Hipkins has explicitly said a Labour-led government would not join AUKUS, while remaining open to cooperation with partners on emerging security issues. ACT New Zealand Policies 2026 — NZ ElectionSpeech: New Zealand; an independent voice in the world
Australia and Five Eyes National, Labour, ACT and New Zealand First all have established reasons to maintain close relationships with Australia and other security partners, though they differ in emphasis on military integration and strategic independence. Aotearoa's National Security Strategy: Secure Together Tō Tātou Korowai Manaaki | Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC)Speech: Labour's foreign policyThe Pacific Reset & the Blue ContinentACT New Zealand Policies 2026 — NZ Election
Nuclear policy and diplomacy Labour explicitly reaffirms New Zealand's nuclear-free status and support for disarmament. The Greens emphasise peace and non-violent conflict resolution. These positions should not be confused with opposition to every form of international security cooperation. Speech: New Zealand; an independent voice in the worldDemocracy and International Relations

A further issue for the election is whether New Zealand should join the proposed Ocean of Peace Alliance involving Australia and Fiji. In July 2026, the government said it would consider joining; that was not itself a final decision to join. New Zealand to consider joining Australia and Fiji in defence alliance, PM says

3. Trade: China, market diversification and economic security

Trade is a particularly important dividing line because New Zealand depends on overseas markets for agricultural exports, services, investment and access to essential goods.

Dream start for dairy prices

National — export growth and market access

Its 2026 policy includes doubling export value by 2034 and helping businesses reach more international customers. The central economic emphasis is on growing exports and enabling producers to invest and expand. 2026 Election Policy2026 Election Policy

Growers | Zespri Kiwifruit

Labour — diversify markets and reduce vulnerability

Labour supports high-quality trade agreements, wider access for exporters, and moving towards higher-value industries such as agritech, software and environmental technology. It wants to maintain trade with both the US and China while reducing dependence on any single market. Speech: New Zealand; an independent voice in the worldSpeech: Labour's foreign policy

The Te Apiti Wind Farm in New Zealand

Greens — sustainability and fair trade

The party's published policy makes environmental sustainability, human rights and social justice central to its approach to trade and foreign investment. This adds conditions and values-based considerations to the usual focus on export earnings. Democracy and International RelationsManifesto 2026

Work begins on Bledisloe North wharf under $200m Auckland port upgrade

ACT — international integration and security partnerships

ACT's established approach combines stronger security cooperation with democratic partners and a market-oriented economic outlook. Its precise 2026 commitments on particular trade agreements should be checked against its latest policy releases. ACT New Zealand Policies 2026 — NZ Election

Gallery | Port of Tauranga | New Zealand

New Zealand First — sovereignty and resilience

NZ First's published policy emphasises diversifying trading partners, strengthening supply chains, supporting exporters and pursuing closer economic relationships with Commonwealth countries. It places particular emphasis on national resilience and maintaining room for independent decisions. 2023 Election PoliciesThe Pacific Reset & the Blue Continent

What this means for China

The difference between Labour and the more security-focused positions is not simply whether to trade with China.

Labour explicitly argues for maintaining positive relationships with both China and the United States, disagreeing with either when necessary. Its stated concern is that New Zealand should not be forced into choosing one relationship over the other. Speech: New Zealand; an independent voice in the worldSpeech: Labour's foreign policy

Other parties place greater emphasis on security alignment, national resilience or values-based restrictions, but the degree of difference depends on the specific policy: investment screening, sensitive technology, export controls, defence cooperation or an ordinary commercial trade agreement.

These issues are not interchangeable. A party can support trade with China while also supporting restrictions on particular security-sensitive technologies.

4. Regional security: the Pacific and the Indo-Pacific

New Zealand's regional security policy affects its defence spending, aid budget, diplomatic relationships and response to strategic competition.

Q&A: Should developed nations pay for ‘loss and damage’ from climate change?

Labour: Pacific partnership and regional autonomy

Labour describes the Pacific as New Zealand's regional home. Its stated priorities include respecting Pacific nations' sovereignty, working towards a less militarised region, strengthening climate cooperation and progressively increasing overseas development assistance towards 0.7% of gross national income, subject to fiscal conditions. Speech: New Zealand; an independent voice in the worldSpeech: Labour's foreign policy

New Zealand and Fiji Navies collaborate in border patrol operation - New Zealand Defence Force

National and ACT: security partnerships and defence capability

Their established approaches put significant weight on defence preparedness and relationships with security partners. The key questions for voters are the level of investment, the extent of integration with partners, and how those choices would affect New Zealand's independent decision-making. Aotearoa's National Security Strategy: Secure Together Tō Tātou Korowai Manaaki | Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC)ACT New Zealand Policies 2026 — NZ Election

PALAU-PACIFIC-DIPLOMACY-SUMMIT

New Zealand First: active regional diplomacy

NZ First argues for a more active diplomatic presence in the Pacific and wider Indo-Pacific, backed by defence capability and cooperation with Australia, the United States and other regional partners. Its published approach treats Pacific security as directly connected to New Zealand's own security. The Pacific Reset & the Blue ContinentWinston Peters: Address To Otago University NZ Foreign Policy Class

Global Sea Level Rise | Kaggle

Greens: peace, climate security and self-determination

The Greens' international policy emphasises peaceful conflict resolution, international justice and sustainability. Its approach places greater weight on non-military sources of insecurity, including environmental damage and the rights of affected communities. Manifesto 2026Democracy and International Relations

A useful baseline is New Zealand's existing national security strategy, which identifies Pacific resilience, maritime security, cyber security, economic security and the international rules-based system as important national interests. It also recognises the value of working with Australia and other partners. This is an official government strategy, not a commitment unique to any one party. Aotearoa's National Security Strategy: Secure Together Tō Tātou Korowai Manaaki | Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC)

5. Where the differences matter most

The following questions help separate the parties' actual choices without assuming that any one approach is necessarily preferable.

Question to compare Policy distinction to look for
Should New Zealand participate in AUKUS? Deeper security integration versus maintaining distance from that framework.
How should New Zealand manage China and the US? Greater emphasis on strategic alignment, balanced engagement, or case-by-case independence.
How much should defence spending increase? Explicit spending targets versus capability-led decisions and other priorities for public funding.
What should take priority in the Pacific? Military deterrence and strategic partnerships, Pacific-led diplomacy, development and climate resilience, or a combination of these.
How should trade agreements be assessed? Export access and growth, diversification and resilience, or additional environmental and human-rights conditions.
What role should New Zealand play internationally? Traditional alliances, an independent diplomatic voice, or a more explicitly peace- and disarmament-focused approach.

6. Sources to check before voting

Because foreign policy can change quickly, the most useful next step is to compare the parties' published commitments directly rather than relying only on speeches or past voting records.

Bottom line: the central foreign-policy choice is how to balance security partnerships, strategic independence and economic openness. Labour explicitly favours maintaining relationships with both China and the US without joining AUKUS; ACT's established approach favours deeper security integration; New Zealand First emphasises sovereignty, defence capability and active Pacific diplomacy; the Greens put greater emphasis on peace, international justice and sustainability; and National stresses international economic engagement and export growth. The details of the final 2026 commitments, especially on defence spending and regional alliances, are important to verify before drawing conclusions about how a future government would act.

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For the 2026 New Zealand general election: Compare parties' positions on foreign relationships, defence, trade and regional security.

For the 2026 New Zealand general election, political parties hold distinct positions on foreign policy, defence spending, international trade, and regional security. These positions reflect competing views on New Zealand's traditional independent foreign policy, alignment with traditional Western partners, and how to navigate major-power competition (particularly between the United States and China).


1. National Party (Incumbent Coalition Leader)

  • Foreign Relationships: Emphasizes traditional Western partnerships (Five Eyes, Australia, the US, and the UK) while maintaining a pragmatic economic relationship with China. National leans toward closer strategic dialogue with traditional security frameworks, though stopping short of joining pillar two of AUKUS in a formal military capacity.
  • Defence: Supports increasing investment in the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF), upgrading capabilities, improving personnel retention, and meeting broader interoperability goals with partners like Australia.
  • Trade: Highly focused on export-led economic growth. Strongly prioritizes expanding and leveraging existing Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East, while aggressively backing trade missions.
  • Regional Security: Focuses heavily on Pacific resilience, climate security in the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), and countering coercive economic or strategic influence in the Indo-Pacific.

2. Labour Party (Official Opposition)

  • Foreign Relationships: Champions New Zealand’s legacy of an "independent foreign policy" and a strictly non-nuclear stance. Places strong emphasis on multilateralism, diplomacy through the United Nations, and constructive engagement with Pacific neighbors and Asian partners.
  • Defence: Generally supports measured defense modernization and looking after service personnel, but places greater skepticism on entering military arrangements that could compromise New Zealand's independent voice or draw the country into major-power blocs.
  • Trade: Supports free trade principles and upholding WTO rules, with an added emphasis on ensuring that trade agreements incorporate high labor and environmental standards.
  • Regional Security: Views climate change as the single greatest security threat to the Pacific. Emphasizes soft-power diplomacy, development assistance (ODA), and climate adaptation aid over hard-security buildup in the region.

3. ACT Party (Coalition Partner)

  • Foreign Relationships: Strongly pro-Western alignment. ACT advocates for closer ties with democratic, free-market allies (such as the US, UK, Australia, and European partners) and takes a more vocal, hawkish stance on authoritarian regimes like China.
  • Defence: Strongly advocates for a significant boost in defence spending to meet modern geopolitical threats, arguing that New Zealand has historically under-invested in its military and relies too heavily on Australia. Open to exploring deeper security partnerships, including AUKUS.
  • Trade: Free-market purist approach. Strongly supports sweeping trade liberalization, slashing remaining tariffs or trade barriers unilaterally if necessary, and aggressively chasing new bilateral trade deals.
  • Regional Security: Views regional security through the lens of protecting open sea lanes, countering authoritarian expansion in the Indo-Pacific, and strengthening collective deterrence alongside traditional allies.

4. New Zealand First (Coalition Partner)

  • Foreign Relationships: Operates under a strongly nationalist framework ("New Zealand First"). Favors a fiercely independent foreign policy, cautious of foreign interference, foreign land ownership, and international entanglements that could compromise national sovereignty.
  • Defence: Strong advocate for boosting defence funding, modernizing the NZDF, and ensuring New Zealand maintains robust self-reliance in border and maritime protection.
  • Trade: Cautious on traditional globalization; focuses heavily on securing equitable trade terms that protect domestic industries, primary producers, and local manufacturing.
  • Regional Security: Strongly prioritizes the South Pacific and immediate neighborhood. Views regional stability through robust bilateral aid, fisheries protection, and practical maritime security cooperation in the Pacific.

5. Green Party

  • Foreign Relationships: Prioritizes global human rights, international law, climate justice, and multilateral diplomacy. Highly critical of militarization and major-power proxy conflicts, advocating for an independent, peace-building foreign policy.
  • Defence: Opposes increases in aggressive military spending or joining security pacts like AUKUS. Favors pivoting defence resources toward civil defense, humanitarian assistance, search and rescue, and climate-disaster relief.
  • Trade: Demands that all trade agreements enforce strict environmental protection, climate action, and human rights guardrails, opposing trade deals that compromise domestic environmental or labor standards.
  • Regional Security: Frames regional security entirely around climate adaptation, ecological preservation, and supporting Pacific Island nations facing climate displacement.

6. Te Pāti Māori

  • Foreign Relationships: Approaches foreign policy through an indigenous lens (Tiratangatanga and international indigenous solidarity). Critical of Western imperialism and neo-colonial trade frameworks.
  • Defence: Generally skeptical of foreign military alliances and defense spending increases, advocating instead for demilitarization and peaceful conflict resolution.
  • Trade: Demands that trade policy honors Te Tiriti o Waitangi obligations, protects indigenous intellectual property (such as flora and fauna), and rejects trade agreements that harm local ecosystems or sovereignty.
  • Regional Security: Focuses on strengthening genealogical and diplomatic bonds with indigenous peoples across Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa (the Pacific Ocean), prioritizing localized self-determination and climate justice.

Are there any specific regions, agreements, or policy areas (such as defense spending targets or specific trade deals) you would like to explore further?

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For the 2026 New Zealand general election: Compare parties' positions on foreign relationships, defence, trade and regional security.

For the 2026 New Zealand general election, the major political parties present distinct philosophies and policy emphases regarding foreign relationships, defence, trade, and regional security. Set against a backdrop of complex global tensions—including conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine, strategic competition in the Indo-Pacific, and shifting multilateral dynamics—the parties approach New Zealand's place in the world through differing lenses of realism, traditional independence, and collective security.

Below is an overview of how the primary parties position themselves across these domains, as documented in their campaign platforms, policy announcements, and recent parliamentary records.


1. National Party (Incumbent Government/Leadership Context)

  • Foreign Relationships & Regional Security: As outlined by the-then governing coalition framework (featuring National and NZ First), the current approach leans toward a pragmatic "foreign policy realism" that prioritizes traditional democratic security partners, close ties with Australia, and strategic alignment with Western and Indo-Pacific frameworks while managing a complex economic relationship with China. [RNZ]

  • Defence: National is pressing ahead with substantial defense funding commitments. Building on Budget 2026, which injected a $3.5 billion uplift, the party maintains a trajectory aimed at lifting defense spending toward 2% of GDP over an eight-year horizon to address readiness, capability gaps, and maritime surveillance in the Pacific.

  • Trade: National emphasizes expanding and diversifying bilateral trade agreements within Asia and globally, viewing economic diplomacy and open-market access as core instruments for national resilience against supply-chain shocks.

  • Aid: Official internal and Treasury documents from 2026 indicate that National favors tightly targeted, value-for-money metrics for overseas development assistance rather than tying spending uplifts rigidly to international gross national income percentages like the OECD 0.7% standard. [RNZ]

2. Labour Party

  • Foreign Relationships & Regional Security: Outlined in policy addresses by leader Chris Hipkins and foreign affairs spokespeople, Labour positions itself around maintaining a staunchly "independent, principled, and unafraid" voice on the global stage. Labour advocates for a heavy reliance on multilateral diplomacy, international law, and peaceful resolution of conflicts, explicitly criticizing what it views as an overly transactional or reactive alignment. Labour has also drawn firm lines regarding ministerial roles, signaling alternative approaches to diplomatic leadership compared to the incumbent arrangements.

  • Defence: While recognizing the need for functional defense capabilities, Labour generally places greater emphasis on humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, and soft-power diplomacy in the Pacific, contrasting with National's heavy fiscal focus on hard military capability investments.

  • Trade: Labour supports active engagement in international trade architectures while ensuring that trade agreements incorporate robust labor, environmental, and indigenous rights protections.

  • Aid: Labour historically aligns closer with traditional international development benchmarks, supporting stronger investment in Pacific aid partnerships and diplomatic outreach compared to the current fiscal constraints highlighted by Treasury advice to the incumbent administration.

3. New Zealand First

  • Foreign Relationships & Regional Security: Led by Winston Peters, NZ First champions a hard-headed realist foreign policy framework, emphasizing national sovereignty, strategic self-reliance, and deep engagement with traditional allies (such as Australia, the US, and the UK) while carefully safeguarding New Zealand's independent maneuverability. Peters has framed recent years as handling the most volatile international environment since 1945.

  • Defence: NZ First strongly supports upgrading and supporting New Zealand’s defense and security forces, aligning with the government's recent multi-year funding uplifts to ensure operational capability across the exclusive economic zone and the wider South Pacific.

  • Trade: The party emphasizes pragmatism in trade, advocating for robust economic partnerships across traditional and emerging markets while protecting domestic strategic assets.

  • Domestic/Global Intersection: NZ First places a strong rhetorical emphasis on national identity and border security, including proposals to restrict voting rights in New Zealand elections strictly to citizens, reflecting a sovereign-first domestic baseline that colors their international outlook.

4. Green Party

  • Foreign Relationships & Regional Security: The Green Party bases its foreign policy on international human rights, climate justice, nuclear-free consistency, and strong multilateralism through the United Nations. They advocate for independent foreign policymaking that actively opposes militarization and promotes global peacebuilding.

  • Defence & Security: The Greens generally oppose significant increases in combat-oriented military spending, preferring instead to redirect state resources toward climate mitigation, international climate-refugee support, and peaceful civil defense or humanitarian aid.

  • Trade: The Green Party evaluates trade agreements strictly through an environmental and ethical lens, frequently opposing deals that lack enforceable climate or labor safeguards.

  • Aid: The Greens strongly support lifting New Zealand’s foreign aid budget to meet or exceed international targets like the 0.7% GNI benchmark, directing funds toward community-led climate resilience and sustainable development in Pacific Island nations.

5. ACT New Zealand

  • Foreign Relationships & Regional Security: ACT approaches foreign affairs through a free-market, liberal-democratic alignment. They strongly support solidarity with Western liberal democracies and traditional security alliances that protect open trade routes and global stability.

  • Defence: ACT generally supports fiscal discipline but recognizes the necessity of functional, well-equipped defense forces capable of cooperating with close allies like Australia to secure regional stability in the Indo-Pacific.

  • Trade: As a staunchly free-market party, ACT advocates for the aggressive pursuit of bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements with zero tariffs and minimum bureaucratic red tape.

  • Aid: ACT leans toward strict fiscal restraint and accountability, favoring reductions in bureaucratic spending in foreign aid in favor of domestic economic priorities, unless clear and direct mutual benefit or humanitarian necessity is demonstrated.


For up-to-date tracking of detailed candidate and party statements as the campaign unfolds leading up to polling day on Saturday, 7 November 2026, you can consult thePolicy.nz 2026 Election Tracker and party newsrooms.

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