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Evidence · Home lending

The questions and original answers

Explore every question and captured response in the home-lending study, including answers asked nationally and from four cities.

questions
193
captured answers
1,094
AI platforms
4
collected
11 October 2026

01

Every question, with its answers

Each question was written as a voter would ask it and went to all four assistants. Some were also asked from a town. Open a question to read every answer to it in full.

Showing 20 of 193 questions

Show all 193

02

The tables behind the study

Every figure on the study page comes from these tables. They are CSV files, which open in any spreadsheet.

  • Question catalogue

    questions.csv

    One row per question.

    Question ID, borrower, exact question, group and collected answers

    193rows

    Download question catalogue (CSV)

  • Answers

    answers.csv

    One row per answer, with its full text.

    Answer ID, question ID, borrower, assistant, city, words, coded recommendations, showed a link and full text

    1,094rows

    Download answers (CSV)

  • Sources by answer

    sources.csv

    One row for each website recorded as a source of an answer.

    Answer ID, question ID, assistant, city, website and publisher type

    4,574rows

    Download sources by answer (CSV)

  • Checks against official sources

    checks.csv

    One row per statement checked.

    Check, answer ID, assistant, what the answer said, verdict, what the source says, source and date

    4rows

    Download checks against official sources (CSV)

  • Recommendation coding

    recommendation-coding.csv

    One row per coded national loan-choice or support answer.

    Answer ID, question ID, borrower, assistant, question group, recommended lenders and supporting passages

    360rows

    Download recommendation coding (CSV)

  • Platform comparisons

    platform-recommendation-counts.csv

    One row per platform, lender and question group.

    Matched panel, recommended answers, denominator and supporting answer IDs

    105rows

    Download platform comparisons (CSV)

  • City comparisons

    city-recommendation-counts.csv

    One row per city, lender and question group.

    Matched panel, recommended answers, denominator and supporting answer IDs

    112rows

    Download city comparisons (CSV)

Use these tables to trace findings back to the original questions and answers. The full text of each answer is also on this page, under its question.

03

Read in full and checked

Some answers were read in detail or checked against official sources. Those appear on the study page, beside the findings they support.

ChatGPT · National

I want to buy my first home on my own. I'm a contractor, so my income changes month to month, but I've got three years of earnings records and about a 20% deposit. How do I work out what I can afford?

Buying your first home on your own in New Zealand is absolutely worth exploring with the position you've described. Three years of income records and a 20% deposit are a good starting point, even if your earnings fluctuate from month to month.

The key is to work out two different numbers:

  • What a bank might lend you based on your contracting income, expenses, debts and deposit.
  • What you can comfortably afford without putting yourself under pressure during quieter months or between contracts.

As a contractor, I'd work out the second number first, then use it to guide your mortgage application. That way, you're not relying on a bank's maximum lending figure to decide what your home should cost.

1. Work out your real income as a contractor

Don't base your budget on your best month or your most recent invoice. Build a picture of what you reliably earn over time.

Start with your last three years of records and calculate:

Income measure What to work out
Annual gross income Your earnings before tax and business expenses
Net annual income What remains after business expenses and tax
Average monthly take-home Net annual income divided by 12
Low-income months What you take home during quieter periods
Income reliability How regularly you find work and how long gaps between contracts last

For example, if your contracting revenue is $120,000 a year but you spend $15,000 on business costs, your taxable profit may be around $105,000 before personal tax and other adjustments, depending on your business structure.

A lender may assess your income differently from this simple calculation. They may review your financial statements, tax returns, bank statements and accountant's records, and adjust for irregular earnings or one-off contracts.

Your most useful number is sustainable annual income after business costs and tax, not simply the total value of invoices you've sent.

2. Calculate a mortgage repayment you can live with

Start with your monthly budget, not a property price.

Work out your average monthly take-home income, then subtract:

  • Essential living costs: food, transport, utilities, insurance and healthcare.
  • Business costs that aren't already deducted from your income.
  • Existing debt repayments, subscriptions and other commitments.
  • Irregular costs, such as car repairs, annual insurance and professional fees.
  • Savings for tax, retirement and an emergency fund, where these aren't already accounted for.

From what's left, decide how much you can safely put towards your mortgage, rates, house insurance, maintenance and other homeownership costs.

Because you're self-employed, I'd also test your budget against a poor-income month and a gap between contracts. You want to be able to cover your mortgage without relying on a new contract starting exactly on time.

For a practical starting point, use the Sorted budget planner to map out your income and expenses, and the Settled mortgage calculator to estimate repayments. Both are guides rather than loan approvals. Budget planner » SortedMortgage calculator

3. Turn your deposit into a realistic property budget

A 20% deposit is a strong starting point because it usually puts you at an 80% loan-to-value ratio (LVR). That can give you access to more standard lending options, although each bank still applies its own criteria. Loan-to-value ratio restrictions - Reserve Bank of New Zealand

Here's how the deposit maths works:

Deposit available for purchase Approximate property price at 20% down Mortgage
$80,000 $400,000 $320,000
$100,000 $500,000 $400,000
$120,000 $600,000 $480,000
$150,000 $750,000 $600,000

These are illustrations, not borrowing estimates. They assume your entire deposit is used for the purchase.

In reality, keep money aside for legal fees, building inspections, a valuation if required, moving costs and an emergency fund. Your usable deposit will therefore be lower than your total savings.

The important distinction: your deposit determines how much you need to borrow for a given property price; your income and expenses determine whether you can afford that borrowing.

4. Understand the lending rules that may affect you

New Zealand banks look at more than your deposit.

For your situation, I'd speak to a mortgage adviser who regularly works with contractors and self-employed borrowers. Ask how different banks assess variable income and whether they'll use a multi-year average, the latest financial year or another method.

5. Let's estimate your own affordable price range

I can help you build an initial estimate using your deposit, earnings and living costs. You don't need to share account numbers, client names or other identifying details.

Your first-home affordability estimate

Enter approximate NZ dollar amounts. These are planning inputs, not a bank lending decision.

Once we have those numbers, we can compare a deposit-based price ceiling with a repayment-based ceiling and identify the more conservative range to discuss with a lender.

My final recommendation: get conditional pre-approval before committing to a property, and ask the adviser to explain exactly how your contracting income has been assessed. That will give you a much firmer basis for house hunting. Mortgage calculatorPreparing for a home loan appointment

Ask anything

ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.

Captured 11 October 2026

Gemini · National

I want to buy my first home on my own. I'm a contractor, so my income changes month to month, but I've got three years of earnings records and about a 20% deposit. How do I work out what I can afford?

Buying your first home as a contractor with a 20% deposit is an exciting milestone, but navigating variable income requires a different approach than a standard PAYE application. New Zealand lenders view self-employed income through a specific lens, meaning your monthly fluctuations and tax optimization choices will directly shape what you can borrow.

How New Zealand Banks Assess Contractor Income

Having three years of earnings records is a massive advantage—most banks prefer to see at least two full financial years of self-employed history. However, unlike salaried workers, lenders evaluate your ability to service a mortgage using specific metrics:

  1. Taxable Profit vs. Revenue: Banks do not care how much gross revenue your contracting business brings in; they look strictly at your net taxable profit (after business expenses) as shown in your IRD tax returns and Profit & Loss statements. If you have aggressively minimized your taxable income through deductions (like home office costs, vehicle expenses, or equipment write-offs), your "paper" income will look lower to a bank, limiting your borrowing power.
  2. Averaging vs. Trend Analysis: Because your income changes month-to-month, lenders handle the figures differently:
    • Some lenders will average your net profit over the last 2 to 3 years.
    • Others will take a conservative approach, focusing heavily on your lowest earning year or the most recent year if there's a downward trend. If your income has grown year-on-year, a broker can help position the upward trajectory favorably.
  3. Personal Drawings vs. Salary: If you operate as a sole trader or through a company, money you transfer to yourself casually as "drawings" isn't automatically viewed as salary by the bank. Lenders rely on your official end-of-year accounts and IRD income summaries (such as an IR3 or company returns).

Working Out What You Can Afford

To figure out your actual purchasing power, you need to step through a bank-style affordability assessment:

  • Step 1: Determine Your Assessable Income
    Pull your last 3 years of IRD assessments and Profit & Loss statements. Look at your net profit figures. If your net profits were $75,000, $90,000, and $105,000 over the last three years, a lender might use an average (around $90,000) or take a conservative view depending on their credit policy.
  • Step 2: Apply the Debt-to-Income (DTI) Guardrails
    Under Reserve Bank of New Zealand rules, owner-occupier residential lending is generally capped around a 6x Debt-to-Income (DTI) ratio. If your assessed annual gross income is $90,000, your total debt cap across the mortgage (and any other loans) will typically sit around $540,000 ($90,000 $\times$ 6).
  • Step 3: Factor in the Bank's "Stress Test"
    Banks do not test your budget at current mortgage rates; they run a interest rate stress test (often testing if you can service the loan at a simulated rate significantly higher than market rates) to ensure you can handle future economic shifts.
  • Step 4: Account for Your 20% Deposit
    Having a 20% deposit means you bypass the stricter Low-Equity Ratio (LVR) restrictions often placed on buyers with smaller deposits, giving you access to standard competitive interest rates and avoiding low-equity margins or premium fees.

Action Plan for a Contractor Buying a Home

To turn your three years of records and 20% deposit into a set budget, follow these concrete steps:

  1. Collate Your Financial Documents: Gather your last 3 years of IRD Notice of Assessments, full Profit & Loss statements, balance sheets, and matching personal/business bank statements.
  2. Consult a Specialized Mortgage Adviser: Because lender policies on variable income vary wildly (some are far more contractor-friendly than others), work with a broker who specializes in self-employed clients. They can review your numbers before formal submission.
  3. Run a Pre-Approval Calculation: Ask your broker or bank for a conditional pre-approval. This locks in your maximum borrowing ceiling based on your actual 3-year track record so you can house-hunt with confidence.

Are you using an accounting platform like Xero or Hnry, or do you work with an accountant who handles your end-of-year returns?

Ask Gemini

Gemini is AI and can make mistakes.

Captured 11 October 2026

Google AI Mode · National

I want to buy my first home on my own. I'm a contractor, so my income changes month to month, but I've got three years of earnings records and about a 20% deposit. How do I work out what I can afford?

Buying your first home as a contractor is completely doable—especially with three years of records and a solid 20% deposit. However, New Zealand banks evaluate self-employed and contract income differently than standard PAYG salaries. Instead of looking at your best months or gross revenue, they look closely at your consistency and tax returns.

Working out what you can afford involves several key steps:

  • Calculate your usable income (the "bank's way"): Banks generally average your net taxable profit (after business expenses, but before personal drawings) over the last two financial years. Because your income fluctuates, if your earnings dipped in the most recent year, some lenders will conservatively use the lower year rather than an average. Having three years of history puts you in a strong position to show a stable or upward trend.

  • Account for business expenses and write-offs: As a contractor, you likely maximize your allowable business deductions to lower your income tax. Keep in mind that lower taxable profit on paper directly reduces your borrowing capacity. Banks assess your affordability based on what you declared to Inland Revenue (IRD), not your lifestyle or turnover. [Opes Partners]

  • Map out your fixed expenses and liabilities: Lenders will comb through your recent bank statements to deduct all ongoing commitments. They factor in student loan repayments, personal or business vehicle leases, credit card limits (regardless of whether you carry a balance), and living costs.

  • Apply the serviceability test interest rate: Banks don't test your mortgage affordability against current market interest rates; they use a higher "test rate" (often significantly higher) to ensure you can still pay the mortgage if interest rates spike.

  • Factor in your 20%+ deposit advantage: Having a 20% deposit means you bypass LVR (loan-to-value ratio) restrictions and avoid paying Low Equity Margin (LEM) fees. It also gives you more leverage with lenders. You can use tools like the Sorted Mortgage Calculator to plug in potential loan amounts, interest rates, and loan terms to see what baseline repayments look like. [MoneyHub NZ]

If you'd like to narrow this down further, let me know:

  • Roughly what your net taxable profit has looked like over the last 2–3 financial years
  • If you have any other regular debts (like a student loan or car finance)

I can help you estimate a more realistic borrowing ceiling and suggest how to approach a lender or mortgage adviser.

Ask anything

Captured 11 October 2026

AI Overviews · National

I want to buy my first home on my own. I'm a contractor, so my income changes month to month, but I've got three years of earnings records and about a 20% deposit. How do I work out what I can afford?

AI Overview

To work out what you can afford as a solo contractor in New Zealand, you must calculate your borrowing capacity based on your "assessable income" rather than your gross turnover, and combine it with your 20% deposit minus purchasing costs. Because your income fluctuates, NZ banks will heavily scrutinize your financial stability, but your three years of solid earnings records and a strong 20% deposit put you in an excellent position.

Step 1: Calculate Your "Assessable Income"

NZ banks do not look at your invoices or gross revenue. Instead, they look at your net profit before tax. Because your income changes month to month, banks will usually evaluate your past two to three years of financial statements and IR3 Summary of Income forms.

  • The Averaging Rule: If your net profit has grown steadily over the last three years (e.g., $80k → $90k → $100k), most banks will take the average of the last two or three years to determine your baseline income.

  • The Lowest-Year Rule: If your income dropped significantly in the most recent year, banks will often base their calculations entirely on that lowest, most recent year, viewing it as your current earning capacity.

  • Deduct "Add-Backs": Work with an accountant to identify non-cash expenses (like depreciation or home office deductions) that can be "added back" to increase your official bottom-line income in the eyes of the lender.

Step 2: Calculate Your Maximum Loan Amount

Once the bank determines your assessable income, they apply a Debt-to-Income (DTI) restriction and a test interest rate to see how much you can afford to repay.

[Assessable Annual Income] x [Bank DTI Limit (Typically 6x)] = Maximum Theoretical Borrowing

  1. Apply the DTI Cap: The Reserve Bank of New Zealand enforces DTI limits. For owner-occupiers, banks generally cap total debt at 6 times your assessable annual income. For example, if your averaged net profit is $100,000, your absolute maximum loan capacity is roughly $600,000.

  2. Pass the Servicing Test: Banks test your ability to pay back the loan using a "test rate" (usually 1.5% to 2% higher than current actual market interest rates). They will subtract your business overheads, personal living costs, and any student loans or credit card limits from your income to ensure you can comfortably make repayments at that higher test rate.

Step 3: Determine Your Purchase Price Cap

Your 20% deposit is a massive advantage because it exempts you from strict low-deposit bank caps and secures you better interest rates. However, you cannot use the entire amount for the house itself.

Expense Category What to Account For Estimated Cost (NZD)
Buffer Capital Business cash flow buffer (highly recommended for contractors) 1–3 months of expenses
Legal Fees Solicitor fees for conveyancing and title checks $1,500 – $3,000
Due Diligence Property inspections (e.g., Land Information Memorandum (LIM) and builder's reports) $1,000 – $2,000
Moving & Setup Insurance premiums, utility connections, physical moving $1,000 – $2,500

The Affordability Formula:

(Total Savings - Buying/Buffer Costs) + Approved Bank Loan Amount = Your Maximum Property Purchase Price

Step 4: Mechanically Set Up Your Application

To get a formal pre-approval, you need to prove your financial consistency to a lender.

  1. Clean up your accounts: For 3 entire months leading up to your application, eliminate any unarranged overdrafts, cancel unused credit cards, and keep personal spending highly disciplined.

  2. Gather documentation: Collect your last 3 years of audited financial accounts, your IR3 tax returns from Inland Revenue, and 6 months of both personal and business bank statements.

  3. Engage a Mortgage Broker: Do not go directly to a single bank. Contractor lending criteria vary wildly between major NZ lenders (e.g., ANZ, Westpac, ASB, BNZ). A specialized mortgage broker will know which bank looks most favorably upon your specific industry and income structure, and they will package your application to highlight your strengths.

To help map out your numbers more accurately, could you tell me:

  • What is your approximate average net profit (after business expenses, before tax) over the last few years?

  • Are you a sole trader or do you operate through a registered Ltd company?

  • Do you have any other liabilities (like a car loan, student loan, or credit card limits)?

Ask anything

Captured 11 October 2026